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                <term xml:lang="en">Iwasawa theory</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">K-theory</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">class field theory</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">Galois cohomology</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">Théorie d'Iwasawa</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">cohomologie galoisienne</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">théorie du corps de classes</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">K-théorie</term>
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              <p>The subject of this thesis is Iwasawa theory. We take a particular interest in Greenberg's generalized&lt;br /&gt;(multiple) conjecture (GG). After establishing a precise link whith several problems of capitulation for certain p-adic cohomology groups in degree 2, we propose a weakened version (GGf) of (GG). We&lt;br /&gt;show that (GGf) is true under certain conditions, namely that the ground field F, contains a primitive p-th root of unity, a (p)-split imaginary quadratic field, and verifies Leopoldt's conjecture. The techniques of this work also allow us to retrieve and generalize&lt;br /&gt;(especially in non-cyclotomic Zp-extensions) a number of classical results in Iwasawa theory.</p>
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              <p>Le cadre général de cette thèse est celui de la théorie d'Iwasawa. Nous nous intéressons plus&lt;br /&gt;particulièrement à la conjecture de Greenberg généralisée (multiple) (GG). Après avoir relié celle-ci à différents problèmes de capitulation pour certains groupes de cohomologie p-adiques en degré 2, nous proposons une version faible (GGf) de (GG) dont nous montrons la validité, pour tout corps de nombres F contenant une racine primitive p-ième de l'unité et un corps quadratique imaginaire dans lequel (p) se décompose, du moment que F vérifie la conjecture de Leopoldt. Les outils développés permettent de retrouver et de généraliser (notamment dans des Zp-extensions autre que la Zp-extension&lt;br /&gt;cyclotomique) un certain nombre de résultats classiques en théorie d'Iwasawa.</p>
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