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            <title xml:lang="en">A self-organization and its applications in ad hoc and hybrid networks</title>
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                <authority type="supervisor">Eric Fleury &amp; Fabrice Valois</authority>
                <authority type="jury">Andrzej Duda (rapporteur)</authority>
                <authority type="jury">Serge Fdida (président du jury)</authority>
                <authority type="jury">Eric Fleury (directeur de thèse)</authority>
                <authority type="jury">Thomas Noel (rapporteur)</authority>
                <authority type="jury">David Simplot-Ryl (examinateur)</authority>
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                <term xml:lang="en">protocols</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">routing</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">virtual backbone</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">self-organization</term>
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                <term xml:lang="en">ad hoc network</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">Réseau ad hoc</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">réseau hybride</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">auto-organisation</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">backbone virtuel</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">cluster</term>
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              <p>An ad hoc network is a spontaneous wireless network of mobile terminals. If it is connected to the Internet, it constitutes an hybrid network. In this PhD thesis, we focus on the creation of a self-organization layer, according to us required to set up an efficient network. The contributions presented here explain how to structure an ad-hoc network and demonstrate the utility of this organization.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;We proposed a virtual structure of self-organization creating several hierarchy levels and improving the information flooding. Algorithms are closely integrated to optimize the maintenance. This structure was validated through simulations, analytically and in a real radio environment. The structure exhibits properties of robustness, persistence, self-stabilization and scalability. This self-organization does not constituting a goal, we proposed also routing and localization protocols benefiting from the virtual structure, inspired largely from classical protocols and improving their performances and scalability.</p>
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              <p>Un réseau ad hoc est un réseau sans-fil spontané de terminaux mobiles. S'il est connecté à Internet, il constitue un réseau hybride. Dans cette thèse, nous nous sommes intéressés à la création d'une couche d'auto-organisation, pré-requis selon nous à une utilisation efficace du réseau. L'ensemble des contributions présentées ici expliquent comment structurer un réseau ad hoc et mettent en exergue l'utilité d'une telle organisation. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Nous avons proposé une auto-organisation formant plusieurs niveaux de hiérarchie et facilitant la diffusion d'information. Les algorithmes ont été intiment liés pour une maintenance optimisée. Cette structure a été validée à l'aide de simulations, analytiquement et dans un environnement radio réel. Des propriétés de robustesse, de persistance, d'auto-stabilisation et de passage à l'échelle ont notamment été mises en exergue. Cette auto-organisation ne constituant aucunement une fin en soi, nous avons également proposé des protocoles de routage et de localisation s'appuyant sur la structure virtuelle, s'inspirant largement des protocoles actuels tout en améliorant leur passage à l'échelle et performances.</p>
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