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              <p>Molecular fossils, or "fossil biomarkers", are powerful tools to study the source, the transformation and the fate of organic matter in modern and ancient ecosystems. As "source biomarkers", fossil molecules give insights on the biological origin of fossil organic matter. Unexpectedly, the discovery of new fossils of unknown living source, called "orphan fossils", can lead to the later discovery of novel classes of biological substances, such as bacterial hopanols. In agronomy, 13C isotope analysis of plant biomarkers in soils allows to study, for the first time, the dynamics of humic substances at the molecular level. As "process biomarkers", their molecular structure and 13C composition yield informations on biogeochemical reactions occurring in very complex media such as soils and sediments. As "maturity biomarkers", molecular fossils can be used to measure the thermal maturity of sedimentary organic matter with increasing burial depth. Maturity biomarkers are therefore widely used in petroleum exploration. Maturity biomarkers can also be used to assess the occurrence of a fossil pollution in modern ecosystems, e.g. petroleum pollutants. Thus, the concept of fossil biomarkers developed in petroleum geochemistry can now be used for an emerging science, environmental organic geochemistry.</p>
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              <p>Les fossiles moléculaires sont de puissants outils pour étudier l'origine, la transformation et le transfert de la matière organique dans les écosystèmes modernes et anciens. Marqueurs d'origine, ils livrent des informations sur le milieu de dépôt, en précisant notamment les sources de la matière organique et la place de leur précurseurs biologiques dans les chaînes alimentaires. De manière surprenante, la découverte de certains fossiles "orphelins" peut conduire à l'identification de nouvelles substances biologiques. L'analyse isotopique de marqueurs végétaux des sols permet d'étudier la dynamique de l'humus au niveau moléculaire. Marqueurs de processus, leur structure et leur composition isotopique révèlent la nature des réactions géochimiques opérant dans les milieux très complexes tels les sols et les sédiments. Marqueurs de maturité, les fossiles moléculaires mesurent l'intensité du stress thermique subi par la matière organique au cours de l'enfouissement dans les sédiments. À cet égard, ils s'avèrent utiles à la fois pour la recherche pétrolière et pour authentifier la présence de contamination pétrolière dans les écosystèmes modernes. Ainsi, le concept de marqueur moléculaire développé en géochimie pétrolière est à la base d'un domaine scientifique en émergence, la géochimie organique environnementale.</p>
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