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            <title xml:lang="en">Synthesis, degradation and bio-properties of poly(ethyl glyoxylate)</title>
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                <title xml:lang="en">Synthesis, degradation and bio-properties of poly(ethyl glyoxylate)</title>
                <title xml:lang="fr">Synthèse, dégradation et bio-propriétés du polyglyoxylate d'éthyle</title>
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                <authority type="supervisor">Claude Bunel</authority>
                <authority type="jury">Jean-François Pilard [Président]</authority>
                <authority type="jury">Jean Coudane [Rapporteur]</authority>
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                <term xml:lang="en">Poly (ethyl glyoxylate)</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">Toxicity</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">Copolymerization</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">Polyglyoxylate</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">Biodégradation</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">Dégradation</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">Toxicité</term>
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              <p>This work focuses on the study of poly(ethyl glyoxylate) (PRtG), from its synthesis and its characterization to its degradation to some biological applications. The chosen conditions for PEtG's synthesis were initiated by an anionic way (NEt3) in presence of CH2Cl2. Because the ceiling temperature of the monomer (EtG) is low (7°C), it is necessary to block the hydroxyl ended groups generated in situ. The use of PhNCO leads to stables PEtG. The PEtG can be used as a macroinitiator of atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP if it is wisely done. The copolymerization of styrene is then controlled. The degradation by in vitro hydrolysis of PEtG mainly led to ethanol and glyoxylic acid hydrate release. The biodegradable character of PGEt was assessed by a respirometric test and a preliminary study of toxicity (on red blood cells, worms and plants) revealed no significant effect at the concentrations generally used.</p>
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              <p>Ce travail porte sur l'étude du polyglyoxylate d'ethyle (PGEt) : sa synthèse, sa caractérisation et sa dégradation. Le PGEt a été obtenu par polymérisation anionique. Les conditions optimales font intervenir un amorçage par NE3 dans le CH2Cl2 à une température inférieure à -20°C. L'existence d'une température plafond (Tp = 310K pour [M]0 = 1M) nécessite l'utilisation d'agents de terminaison (phényl isocyanate ou bromure de 2-bromo-2-méthyl propionyle) afin d'obtenir des PGEt stables. La dégradation par hydrolyse in vitro du PGEt a été étudiée par RMN 1H, CES... Le mécanisme fait intervenir des coupures de chaines et des hydrolyses des esters. Les produits ultimes de dégradation identifiés sont l'éthanol et l'hydrate d'acide glyoxylique. Le caractère biodégradable du PGEt a été confirmé par respirométrie. Des études préliminaires de toxicité (sur des hématies, le nématode C. Elegans, et la croissance des plantes) n'ont pas révélé d'effet nocif du PGEt et de ses produits de dégradation.</p>
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