B. S. Abram, M. Christine, L. Shifan, X. Jia, R. et al., Blockade of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) in Schistosoma japonicum-infected mice results in an increased adult worm burden and reduced fecundity, Parasite Immunol, vol.25, pp.369-374, 2003.

C. M. Adema, P. C. Hanington, C. Lun, G. H. Rosenberg, A. D. Aragon et al., Differential transcriptomic responses of Biomphalaria glabrata (Gastropoda, Mollusca) to bacteria and metazoan parasites, Schistosoma mansoni and Echinostoma paraensei (Digenea, Platyhelminthes), Differential transcriptomic responses of Biomphalaria glabrata (Gastropoda, Mollusca) to bacteria and metazoan parasites, pp.849-860, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.molimm.2009.10.019

C. M. Adema, L. A. Hertel, R. D. Miller, and E. S. Loker, A family of fibrinogen-related proteins that precipitates parasite-derived molecules is produced by an invertebrate after infection, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.94, issue.16, pp.8691-8696, 1997.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.94.16.8691

A. Aderem and D. M. Underhill, MECHANISMS OF PHAGOCYTOSIS IN MACROPHAGES, Annual Review of Immunology, vol.17, issue.1, pp.593-623, 1999.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.immunol.17.1.593

S. Akira and K. Takeda, Toll-like receptor signalling, Nature Reviews Immunology, vol.303, issue.7, pp.499-511, 2004.
DOI : 10.1038/nri1391

K. Ochani, M. Bacher, and F. Nicoletti, ISO-1 Binding to the Tautomerase Active Site of MIF Inhibits Its Pro-inflammatory Activity and Increases Survival in Severe Sepsis, J Biol Chem, vol.280, pp.36541-36544, 2005.

W. Z. Al-sharif, J. O. Sunyer, J. D. Lambris, and L. C. Smith, Sea Urchin Coelomocytes Specifically Express a Homologue of the Complement Component C3, J Immunol, vol.160, pp.2983-2997, 1998.

M. M. Amoli, R. P. Donn, W. Thomson, A. H. Hajeer, C. Garcia-porrua et al., Macrophage migration inhibitory factor gene polymorphism is associated with sarcoidosis in biopsy proven erythema nodosum, J Rheumatol, vol.29, pp.1671-1673, 2002.

K. V. Anderson, L. Bokla, and C. Nüsslein-volhard, Establishment of dorsal-ventral polarity in the drosophila embryo: The induction of polarity by the Toll gene product, Cell, vol.42, issue.3, pp.791-798, 1985.
DOI : 10.1016/0092-8674(85)90275-2

N. I. Arbouzova and M. P. Zeidler, JAK/STAT signalling in Drosophila: insights into conserved regulatory and cellular functions, Development, vol.133, issue.14, pp.2605-2616, 2006.
DOI : 10.1242/dev.02411

G. A. Awandare, P. G. Kremsner, J. B. Hittner, C. C. Keller, I. A. Clark et al., Higher production of peripheral blood macrophage migration inhibitory factor in healthy children with a history of mild malaria relative to children with a history of severe malaria, Am J Trop Med Hyg, vol.76, pp.1033-1036, 2007.

J. M. Ong-'echa, W. Wang, L. Leng, R. E. Ferrell, and R. Bucala, MIF (macrophage migration inhibitory factor) promoter polymorphisms and susceptibility to severe malarial anemia, J Infect Dis, vol.200, pp.629-637, 2009.

K. Azumi, R. Santis, A. Tomaso, I. Rigoutsos, F. Yoshizaki et al., Genomic analysis of immunity in a Urochordate and the emergence of the vertebrate immune system: ???waiting for Godot???, Immunogenetics, vol.55, issue.8, pp.570-581, 2003.
DOI : 10.1007/s00251-003-0606-5

C. Barillas-mury, Y. Han, D. Seeley, K. , and F. C. , Anopheles gambiae Ag-STAT, a new insect member of the STAT family, is activated in response to bacterial infection, The EMBO Journal, vol.18, issue.4, pp.959-967, 1999.
DOI : 10.1093/emboj/18.4.959

J. A. Baugh, M. Gantier, L. Li, A. Byrne, A. Buckley et al., Dual regulation of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) expression in hypoxia by CREB and HIF-1, Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, vol.347, issue.4, pp.895-903, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.06.148

C. J. Bayne, Successful parasitism of vector snail Biomphalaria glabrata by the human blood fluke (trematode) Schistosoma mansoni: A 2009 assessment, Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology, vol.165, issue.1, pp.8-18, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2009.01.005

M. P. Belvin, A. , and K. V. , Toll-Dorsal Pathway, Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology, vol.12, issue.1, pp.393-416, 1996.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.cellbio.12.1.393

R. C. Bender, E. J. Broderick, C. P. Goodall, and C. J. Bayne, THAN SUSCEPTIBLE SNAILS, Journal of Parasitology, vol.91, issue.2, pp.275-279, 2009.
DOI : 10.1645/GE-415R

R. C. Bender, C. P. Goodall, M. S. Blouin, and C. J. Bayne, Variation in expression of Biomphalaria glabrata SOD1: A potential controlling factor in susceptibility/resistance to Schistosoma mansoni, Developmental & Comparative Immunology, vol.31, issue.9, pp.874-878, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.dci.2006.12.005

J. Bernhagen, T. Calandra, R. A. Mitchell, S. B. Martin, K. J. Tracey et al., MIF is a pituitary-derived cytokine that potentiates lethal endotoxaemia, Nature, vol.365, issue.6448, pp.756-759, 1993.
DOI : 10.1038/365756a0

J. Bernhagen, R. Krohn, H. Lue, J. L. Gregory, A. Zernecke et al., MIF is a noncognate ligand of CXC chemokine receptors in inflammatory and atherogenic cell recruitment, Nature Medicine, vol.96, issue.5, pp.587-596, 2007.
DOI : 10.1038/nm1567

A. Beschin, M. Bilej, E. Torreele, D. Baetselier, and P. , On the existence of cytokines in invertebrates, Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences, vol.58, issue.5, pp.801-814, 2001.
DOI : 10.1007/PL00000901

B. Beutler and E. T. Rietschel, Timeline: Innate immune sensing and its roots: the story of endotoxin, Nature Reviews Immunology, vol.3, issue.2, pp.169-176, 2003.
DOI : 10.1038/nri1004

S. Blandin, S. Shiao, L. F. Moita, C. J. Janse, A. P. Waters et al., Complement-Like Protein TEP1 Is a Determinant of Vectorial Capacity in the Malaria Vector Anopheles gambiae, Cell, vol.116, issue.5, pp.661-670, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/S0092-8674(04)00173-4

S. A. Blandin, E. Marois, and E. A. Levashina, Antimalarial Responses in Anopheles gambiae: From a Complement-like Protein to a Complement-like Pathway, Cell Host & Microbe, vol.3, issue.6, pp.364-374, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.chom.2008.05.007

B. R. Bloom and B. Bennett, Mechanism of a Reaction in Vitro Associated with Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity, Science, vol.153, issue.3731, pp.80-82, 1966.
DOI : 10.1126/science.153.3731.80

B. Bottazzi, A. Doni, C. Garlanda, and A. Mantovani, An Integrated View of Humoral Innate Immunity: Pentraxins as a Paradigm, Annual Review of Immunology, vol.28, issue.1, pp.157-183, 2010.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev-immunol-030409-101305

A. Bouchut, C. Coustau, B. Gourbal, and G. Mitta, Compatibility in the Biomphalaria glabrata/Echinostoma caproni model: new candidate genes evidenced by a suppressive subtractive hybridization approach, Parasitology, vol.70, issue.04, pp.575-588, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/S0020-7519(01)00133-3

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00170741

A. Bouchut, E. Roger, C. Coustau, B. Gourbal, and G. Mitta, Compatibility in the Biomphalaria glabrata/Echinostoma caproni model: Potential involvement of adhesion genes, International Journal for Parasitology, vol.36, issue.2, pp.175-184, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ijpara.2005.09.009

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00105033

M. Boutros, H. Agaisse, and N. Perrimon, Sequential Activation of Signaling Pathways during Innate Immune Responses in Drosophila, Developmental Cell, vol.3, issue.5, pp.711-722, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S1534-5807(02)00325-8

S. Brown, N. Hu, J. C. Hombria, and -. , Identification of the first invertebrate interleukin JAK/STAT receptor, the Drosophila gene domeless, Current Biology, vol.11, issue.21, pp.1700-1705, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0960-9822(01)00524-3

R. Bucala, Signal transduction: A most interesting factor, Nature, vol.408, issue.6809, pp.146-147, 2000.
DOI : 10.1038/35041654

R. Bucala, MIF: most interesting factor, 2007.
DOI : 10.1142/6450

P. Bulet, C. Hetru, J. Dimarcq, and D. Hoffmann, Antimicrobial peptides in insects; structure and function, Developmental & Comparative Immunology, vol.23, issue.4-5, pp.329-344, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0145-305X(99)00015-4

T. Calandra, Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor and Host Innate Immune Responses to Microbes, Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases, vol.100, issue.9, pp.573-576, 2003.
DOI : 10.1084/jem.189.2.341

T. Calandra, J. Bernhagen, R. A. Mitchell, and R. Bucala, The macrophage is an important and previously unrecognized source of macrophage migration inhibitory factor, Journal of Experimental Medicine, vol.179, issue.6, pp.1895-1902, 1994.
DOI : 10.1084/jem.179.6.1895

T. Calandra, B. Echtenacher, D. L. Roy, J. Pugin, C. N. Metz et al., Protection from septic shock by neutralization of macrophage migration inhibitory factor, Nature Medicine, vol.6, issue.2, pp.164-170, 2000.
DOI : 10.1038/72262

T. Calandra, R. , and T. , Macrophage migration inhibitory factor: a regulator of innate immunity, Nature Reviews Immunology, vol.3, issue.10, pp.791-800, 2003.
DOI : 10.1038/nri1200

T. Calandra, L. A. Spiegel, C. N. Metz, and R. Bucala, Macrophage migration inhibitory factor is a critical mediator of the activation of immune cells by exotoxins of Gram-positive bacteria, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.95, issue.19, pp.11383-11388, 1998.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.95.19.11383

J. P. Cannon, R. N. Haire, and G. W. Litman, Identification of diversified genes that contain immunoglobulin-like variable regions in a protochordate, Nature Immunology, vol.3, issue.12, pp.1200-1207, 2002.
DOI : 10.1038/ni849

J. P. Cannon, R. N. Haire, N. Schnitker, M. G. Mueller, and G. W. Litman, Individual protochordates have unique immune-type receptor repertoires, Current Biology, vol.14, issue.12, pp.465-466, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.cub.2004.06.009

URL : http://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2004.06.009

L. Cerenius, B. L. Lee, and K. Söderhäll, The proPO-system: pros and cons for its role in invertebrate immunity, Trends in Immunology, vol.29, issue.6, pp.263-271, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.it.2008.02.009

S. C. Chaiyaroj, A. S. Rutta, K. Muenthaisong, P. Watkins, N. Ubol et al., Reduced levels of transforming growth factor-?1, p.12, 2004.

L. E. Chamy, V. Leclerc, I. Caldelari, R. , and J. , Sensing of 'danger signals' and pathogen-associated molecular patterns defines binary signaling pathways 'upstream' of Toll, Nature Immunology, vol.118, issue.10, pp.1165-1170, 2008.
DOI : 10.1038/sj.embor.7400592

L. Chitsulo, P. Loverde, and D. Engels, Focus: Schistosomiasis, Nature Reviews Microbiology, vol.68, issue.1, pp.12-13, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/S1471-4922(02)02386-3

G. K. Christophides, E. Zdobnov, C. Barillas-mury, E. Birney, S. Blandin et al., Immunity-Related Genes and Gene Families in Anopheles gambiae, Science, vol.298, issue.5591, pp.159-165, 2002.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1077136

S. P. Alexandre, L. Joseli, M. , and T. B. , Unraveling the lethal synergism between Trypanosoma cruzi infection and LPS: A role for increased macrophage reactivity, 2007.

C. Coustau, Immunity in parasite-vector snails In Noah's Ark and the immune system, 2008.

C. Coustau, Immunity in parasite-vector snails, Med Sci, p.25, 2009.

C. Coustau, Y. , and T. P. , Flukes without Snails: Advances in the in Vitro Cultivation of Intramolluscan Stages of Trematodes, Experimental Parasitology, vol.94, issue.1, pp.62-66, 2000.
DOI : 10.1006/expr.1999.4462

D. B. Cristin, B. Nathan, P. , and I. W. , Genetic analysis of Drosophila melanogaster susceptibility to intestinal Vibrio cholerae infection, Cell Microbiol, vol.11, p.461, 2009.

J. R. David, Delayed hypersensitivity in vitro: its mediation by cell-free substances formed by lymphoid cell-antigen interaction., Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.56, issue.1, pp.72-77, 1966.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.56.1.72

B. J. Davids, X. Wu, Y. , and T. P. , Cloning of a b integrin subunit cDNA from an embryonic cell line derived from the freshwater mollusc, 1999.

D. Gregorio, E. Spellman, P. T. Rubin, G. M. Lemaitre, and B. , Genome-wide analysis of the Drosophila immune response by using oligonucleotide microarrays, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.98, issue.22, pp.12590-12595, 2001.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.221458698

D. Gregorio, E. Spellman, P. T. Tzou, P. Rubin, G. M. Lemaitre et al., The Toll and Imd pathways are the major regulators of the immune response in Drosophila, The EMBO Journal, vol.21, issue.11, pp.2568-2579, 2002.
DOI : 10.1093/emboj/21.11.2568

D. Zoysa, M. Nikapitiya, C. Oh, C. Whang, I. Lee et al., Molecular evidence for the existence of lipopolysaccharide-induced TNF-?? factor (LITAF) and Rel/NF-kB pathways in disk abalone (Haliotis discus discus), Fish & Shellfish Immunology, vol.28, issue.5-6, pp.754-763, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.fsi.2010.01.024

L. Dishaw, S. Smith, and C. Bigger, Characterization of a C3-like cDNA in a coral: phylogenetic implications, Immunogenetics, vol.24, issue.7, pp.535-548, 2005.
DOI : 10.1007/s00251-005-0005-1

M. Dodds, W. Law, S. , and K. , The phylogeny and evolution of the thioester bond-containing proteins C3, C4 and alpha2-macroglobulin, Immunological Reviews, vol.86, issue.1, pp.15-26, 1998.
DOI : 10.1007/s002510050076

Y. Dong, D. , and G. , Anopheles Fibrinogen-related Proteins Provide Expanded Pattern Recognition Capacity against Bacteria and Malaria Parasites, Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol.284, issue.15, pp.9835-9844, 2009.
DOI : 10.1074/jbc.M807084200

Y. Dong, H. E. Taylor, D. , and G. , AgDscam, a Hypervariable Immunoglobulin Domain-Containing Receptor of the Anopheles gambiae Innate Immune System, PLoS Biology, vol.25, issue.7, p.229, 2006.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pbio.0040229.st001

R. P. Donn, D. Plant, F. Jury, H. L. Richards, J. Worthington et al., Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor Gene Polymorphism is Associated with Psoriasis, Journal of Investigative Dermatology, vol.123, issue.3, pp.484-487, 2004.
DOI : 10.1111/j.0022-202X.2004.23314.x

URL : http://doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-202x.2004.23314.x

C. Dostert, E. Jouanguy, P. Irving, L. Troxler, D. Galiana-arnoux et al., The Jak-STAT signaling pathway is required but not sufficient for the antiviral response of drosophila, Nature Immunology, vol.416, issue.9, pp.946-953, 2005.
DOI : 10.1038/ni1237

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00094350

D. Ferrandon, J. Imler, C. Hetru, and J. A. Hoffmann, The Drosophila systemic immune response: sensing and signalling during bacterial and fungal infections, Nature Reviews Immunology, vol.310, issue.11, pp.862-874, 2007.
DOI : 10.1038/nri2194

G. Fingerle-rowson, D. R. Kaleswarapu, C. Schlander, N. Kabgani, T. Brocks et al., A Tautomerase-Null Macrophage Migration-Inhibitory Factor (MIF) Gene Knock-In Mouse Model Reveals That Protein Interactions and Not Enzymatic Activity Mediate MIF-Dependent Growth Regulation, Molecular and Cellular Biology, vol.29, issue.7, pp.1922-1932, 2009.
DOI : 10.1128/MCB.01907-08

G. Fingerle-rowson, D. R. Kaleswarapu, C. Schlander, N. Kabgani, T. Brocks et al., A Tautomerase-Null Macrophage Migration-Inhibitory Factor (MIF) Gene Knock-In Mouse Model Reveals That Protein Interactions and Not Enzymatic Activity Mediate MIF-Dependent Growth Regulation, Molecular and Cellular Biology, vol.29, issue.7, pp.1922-1932, 2009.
DOI : 10.1128/MCB.01907-08

M. F. Flajnik and M. Kasahara, Origin and evolution of the adaptive immune system: genetic events and selective pressures, Nature Reviews Genetics, vol.5, issue.1, pp.47-59, 2010.
DOI : 10.1038/nrg2703

O. Flieger, A. Engling, R. Bucala, H. Lue, W. Nickel et al., Regulated secretion of macrophage migration inhibitory factor is mediated by a non-classical pathway involving an ABC transporter, FEBS Letters, vol.267, issue.1-3, pp.78-86, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0014-5793(03)00900-1

L. C. Foukas, H. L. Katsoulas, N. Paraskevopoulou, A. Metheniti, M. Lambropoulou et al., Phagocytosis of Escherichia coli by Insect Hemocytes Requires Both Activation of the Ras/Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase Signal Transduction Pathway for Attachment and ??3 Integrin for Internalization, Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol.273, issue.24, pp.14813-14818, 1998.
DOI : 10.1074/jbc.273.24.14813

P. Georgel, S. Naitza, C. Kappler, D. Ferrandon, D. Zachary et al., Drosophila Immune Deficiency (IMD) Is a Death Domain Protein that Activates Antibacterial Defense and Can Promote Apoptosis, Developmental Cell, vol.1, issue.4, pp.503-514, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S1534-5807(01)00059-4

V. Gobert, M. Gottar, A. A. Matskevich, S. Rutschmann, J. Royet et al., Dual Activation of the Drosophila Toll Pathway by Two Pattern Recognition Receptors, Science, vol.302, issue.5653, pp.2126-2130, 2003.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1085432

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00311257

M. Goedken, D. Guise, and S. , Flow cytometry as a tool to quantify oyster defence mechanisms, Fish & Shellfish Immunology, vol.16, issue.4, pp.539-552, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.fsi.2003.09.009

C. P. Goodall, R. C. Bender, E. J. Broderick, and C. J. Bayne, Constitutive differences in Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase mRNA levels and activity in hemocytes of Biomphalaria glabrata (Mollusca) that are either susceptible or resistant to Schistosoma mansoni (Trematoda), Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology, vol.137, issue.2, pp.321-328, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2004.06.011

C. P. Goodall, R. C. Bender, J. K. Brooks, and C. J. Bayne, Biomphalaria glabrata cytosolic copper/zinc superoxide dismutase (SOD1) gene: Association of SOD1 alleles with resistance/susceptibility to Schistosoma mansoni, Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology, vol.147, issue.2, pp.207-210, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2006.02.009

J. A. Hoffmann and D. Ferrandon, Dual Detection of Fungal Infections in Drosophila via Recognition of Glucans and Sensing of Virulence Factors, Cell, vol.127, pp.1425-1437, 2006.

G. Jr, W. O. , Y. , and T. P. , Schistosoma mansoni: Passive transfer of resistance by serum in the vector snail, Biomphalaria glabrata, Exp Parasitol, vol.58, pp.188-193, 1984.

F. Guillou, G. Mitta, R. Galinier, and C. Coustau, Identification and expression of gene transcripts generated during an anti-parasitic response in Biomphalaria glabrata, Developmental & Comparative Immunology, vol.31, issue.7, pp.657-671, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.dci.2006.10.001

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00170685

C. Mury, The STAT Pathway Mediates Late-Phase Immunity against Plasmodium in the Mosquito Anopheles gambiae, Cell Host & Microbe, vol.5, pp.498-507, 2009.

U. K. Hahn, R. C. Bender, and C. J. Bayne, Production of reactive oxygen species by hemocytes of Biomphalaria glabrata: carbohydrate-specific stimulation, Developmental & Comparative Immunology, vol.24, issue.6-7, pp.531-541, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0145-305X(00)00017-3

U. K. Hahn, R. C. Bender, and C. J. Bayne, Involvement of Nitric Oxide in Killing of Schistosoma mansoni Sporocysts by Hemocytes from Resistant Biomphalaria glabrata, The Journal of Parasitology, vol.87, issue.4, pp.778-785, 2009.
DOI : 10.2307/3285134

U. K. Hahn, R. C. Bender, and C. J. Bayne, Killing of Schistosoma mansoni Sporocysts by Hemocytes from Resistant Biomphalaria glabrata: Role of Reactive Oxygen Species, The Journal of Parasitology, vol.87, issue.2, pp.292-299, 2009.
DOI : 10.2307/3285043

S. Håkan, Peptidoglycan recognition proteins: on and off switches for innate immunity, Immunol Rev, vol.198, pp.83-96, 2004.

M. S. Jin, L. , and J. , Structures of the Toll-like Receptor Family and Its Ligand Complexes, Immunity, vol.29, issue.2, pp.182-191, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.immuni.2008.07.007

D. F. John, T. , and P. , The bacterial superantigen and superantigen-like proteins, Immunol Rev, vol.225, pp.226-243, 2008.

C. S. Jones, A. E. Lockyer, D. Rollinson, N. , and L. R. , Molecular approaches in the study of Biomphalaria glabrata ??? Schistosoma mansoni interactions: linkage analysis and gene expression profiling, Parasitology, vol.123, issue.07, pp.181-196, 2001.
DOI : 10.1017/S0031182001008174

H. Kanda, T. Igaki, H. Kanuka, T. Yagi, and M. Miura, Wengen, a Member of the Drosophila Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily, Is Required for Eiger Signaling, Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol.277, issue.32, pp.28372-28375, 2002.
DOI : 10.1074/jbc.C200324200

R. Kuroki, The crystal structure of human glycosylation-inhibiting factor is a trimeric barrel with three 6-stranded beta-sheets, Proc Natl Acad Sci, vol.93, pp.3007-3010, 1996.

S. Kauppila, W. S. Maaty, P. Chen, R. S. Tomar, M. T. Eby et al., Eiger and its receptor, Wengen, comprise a TNF-like system in Drosophila, Oncogene, vol.22, issue.31, pp.4860-4867, 2003.
DOI : 10.1038/sj.onc.1206715

Y. Kim, J. Ryu, S. Han, K. Choi, K. Nam et al., Gram-negative Bacteria-binding Protein, a Pattern Recognition Receptor for Lipopolysaccharide and ??-1,3-Glucan That Mediates the Signaling for the Induction of Innate Immune Genes in Drosophila melanogaster Cells, Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol.275, issue.42, pp.32721-32727, 2000.
DOI : 10.1074/jbc.M003934200

D. A. Kimbrell and B. Beutler, The evolution and genetics of innate immunity, Nature Reviews Genetics, vol.2, issue.4, pp.256-267, 2001.
DOI : 10.1038/35066006

F. Johannes, T. Roger, T. Calandra, and A. Kapurniotu, Intracellular action of the cytokine MIF to modulate AP-1 activity and the cell cycle through Jab1, Nature, vol.408, pp.211-216, 2000.

S. H. Kaufmann, Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) plays a pivotal role in immunity against Salmonella typhimurium, Proc Natl Acad Sci, vol.99, pp.13681-13686, 2002.

S. H. Kaufmann, Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) plays a pivotal role in immunity against Salmonella typhimurium, Proc Natl Acad Sci, vol.99, pp.13681-13686, 2002.

H. Kumar, T. Kawai, and S. Akira, Pathogen recognition in the innate immune response, Biochemical Journal, vol.45, issue.1, pp.1-16, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.cell.2007.01.045

J. Kurtz, F. , and K. , Innate defence: Evidence for memory in invertebrate immunity, Nature, vol.425, issue.6953, pp.37-38, 2003.
DOI : 10.1038/425037a

C. L. Kurz, S. Chauvet, E. Andres, M. Aurouze, I. Vallet et al., Virulence factors of the human opportunistic pathogen Serratia marcescens identified by in vivo screening, The EMBO Journal, vol.22, issue.7, pp.1451-1460, 2003.
DOI : 10.1093/emboj/cdg159

M. D. Lavine and M. R. Strand, Insect hemocytes and their role in immunity, Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, vol.32, issue.10, pp.1295-1309, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0965-1748(02)00092-9

V. Leclerc, N. Pelte, L. Chamy, C. Martinelli, P. Ligoxygakis et al., Prophenoloxidase activation is not required for survival to microbial infections in Drosophila, EMBO reports, vol.188, issue.2, pp.231-235, 2006.
DOI : 10.1038/sj.emboj.7600466

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00094895

W. J. Lee, J. D. Lee, V. V. Kravchenko, R. J. Ulevitch, and P. T. Brey, Purification and molecular cloning of an inducible gram-negative bacteria-binding protein from the silkworm, Bombyx mori., Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.93, issue.15, pp.7888-7893, 1996.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.93.15.7888

L. Lehmann, M. Book, W. Hartmann, S. Weber, J. Schewe et al., A MIF haplotype is associated with the outcome of patients with severe sepsis: a case control study, Journal of Translational Medicine, vol.7, issue.1, 2009.
DOI : 10.1186/1479-5876-7-100

B. Lemaitre, E. Kromer-metzger, L. Michaut, E. Nicolas, M. Meister et al., A recessive mutation, immune deficiency (imd), defines two distinct control pathways in the Drosophila host defense., Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.92, issue.21, pp.9465-9469, 1995.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.92.21.9465

B. Lemaitre, E. Nicolas, L. Michaut, J. Reichhart, and J. A. Hoffmann, The Dorsoventral Regulatory Gene Cassette sp??tzle/Toll/cactus Controls the Potent Antifungal Response in Drosophila Adults, Cell, vol.86, issue.6, pp.973-983, 1996.
DOI : 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80172-5

L. Leng and R. Bucala, Insight into the biology of Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor (MIF) revealed by the cloning of its cell surface receptor, Cell Research, vol.54, issue.2, pp.162-168, 2006.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.012511599

L. Leng, C. N. Metz, Y. Fang, J. Xu, S. Donnelly et al., MIF Signal Transduction Initiated by Binding to CD74, The Journal of Experimental Medicine, vol.11, issue.11, pp.1467-1476, 2003.
DOI : 10.1093/emboj/17.23.6812

P. M. Léonard, C. M. Adema, S. Zhang, and E. S. Loker, Structure of two FREP genes that combine IgSF and fibrinogen domains, with comments on diversity of the FREP gene family in the snail Biomphalaria glabrata, Gene, vol.269, issue.1-2, pp.155-165, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0378-1119(01)00444-9

F. Leulier and B. Lemaitre, Toll-like receptors ??? taking an evolutionary approach, Nature Reviews Genetics, vol.97, issue.3, pp.165-178, 2008.
DOI : 10.1038/nrg2303

F. Levy, P. Bulet, and L. Ehret-sabatier, Proteomic Analysis of the Systemic Immune Response of Drosophila, Molecular & Cellular Proteomics, vol.3, issue.2, pp.156-166, 2004.
DOI : 10.1074/mcp.M300114-MCP200

P. Ligoxygakis, N. Pelte, J. A. Hoffmann, R. , and J. , Activation of Drosophila Toll During Fungal Infection by a Blood Serine Protease, Science, vol.297, issue.5578, pp.114-116, 2002.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1072391

Y. Lin, B. Vaseeharan, C. Ko, T. Chiou, C. et al., Molecular cloning and characterisation of a proteinase inhibitor, alpha 2-macroglobulin (??2-M) from the haemocytes of tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon, Molecular Immunology, vol.44, issue.6, pp.1065-1074, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.molimm.2006.08.002

T. J. Little, D. Hultmark, and A. F. Read, Invertebrate immunity and the limits of mechanistic immunology, Nature Immunology, vol.104, issue.7, pp.651-654, 2005.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1091789

C. Liu, Z. Xu, D. Gupta, and R. Dziarski, Peptidoglycan Recognition Proteins: A NOVEL FAMILY OF FOUR HUMAN INNATE IMMUNITY PATTERN RECOGNITION MOLECULES, Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol.276, issue.37, pp.34686-34694, 2001.
DOI : 10.1074/jbc.M105566200

L. Liu, A. A. Roberts, and T. Ganz, By IL-1 Signaling, Monocyte-Derived Cells Dramatically Enhance the Epidermal Antimicrobial Response to Lipopolysaccharide, The Journal of Immunology, vol.170, issue.1, pp.575-580, 2003.
DOI : 10.4049/jimmunol.170.1.575

W. Liu, Y. Chang, A. H. Wang, G. Kou, and C. Lo, White Spot Syndrome Virus Annexes a Shrimp STAT To Enhance Expression of the Immediate-Early Gene ie1, Journal of Virology, vol.81, issue.3, pp.1461-1471, 2007.
DOI : 10.1128/JVI.01880-06

C. Jones, Biomphalaria glabrata transcriptome: cDNA microarray profiling identifies resistant-and susceptible-specific gene expression in haemocytes from snail strains exposed to Schistosoma mansoni, BMC Genomics, vol.9, p.634, 2008.

A. E. Lockyer, L. R. Noble, D. Rollinson, and C. S. Jones, Schistosoma mansoni: resistant specific infection-induced gene expression in Biomphalaria glabrata identified by fluorescent-based differential display, Experimental Parasitology, vol.107, issue.1-2, pp.97-104, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.exppara.2004.04.004

A. E. Lockyer, J. Spinks, L. R. Noble, D. Rollinson, and C. S. Jones, Identification of genes involved in interactions between Biomphalaria glabrata and Schistosoma mansoni by suppression subtractive hybridization, Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology, vol.151, issue.1, pp.18-27, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2006.09.009

A. E. Lockyer, J. N. Spinks, A. J. Walker, R. A. Kane, L. R. Noble et al., Biomphalaria glabrata transcriptome: Identification of cell-signalling, transcriptional control and immune-related genes from open reading frame expressed sequence tags (ORESTES), Developmental & Comparative Immunology, vol.31, issue.8, pp.763-782, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.dci.2006.11.004

M. J. Lodes, Y. , and T. P. , Polypeptides Synthesized in Vitro by Biomphalaria glabrata Hemocytes Bind to Schistosoma mansoni Primary Sporocysts, Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, vol.61, issue.2, pp.117-122, 1993.
DOI : 10.1006/jipa.1993.1023

E. S. Loker, C. M. Adema, S. Zhang, and T. B. Kepler, Invertebrate immune systems - not homogeneous, not simple, not well understood, Immunological Reviews, vol.161, issue.1, pp.10-24, 2004.
DOI : 10.1038/425037a

H. Lue, M. Dewor, L. Leng, R. Bucala, and J. Bernhagen, Activation of the JNK signalling pathway by macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) and dependence on CXCR4 and CD74, Cellular Signalling, vol.23, issue.1, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.cellsig.2010.08.013

P. Manfruelli, J. Reichhart, R. Steward, J. A. Hoffmann, and B. Lemaitre, A mosaic analysis in Drosophila fat body cells of the control of antimicrobial peptide genes by the Rel proteins Dorsal and DIF, The EMBO Journal, vol.18, issue.12, pp.3380-3391, 1999.
DOI : 10.1093/emboj/18.12.3380

V. J. Marmaras and M. Lampropoulou, Regulators and signalling in insect haemocyte immunity, Cellular Signalling, vol.21, issue.2, pp.186-195, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.cellsig.2008.08.014

A. L. Marson, D. E. Tarr, and A. L. Scott, Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (mif) transcription is significantly elevated in Caenorhabditis elegans dauer larvae, Gene, vol.278, issue.1-2, pp.53-62, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0378-1119(01)00706-5

J. A. Martiney, B. Sherry, C. N. Metz, M. Espinoza, A. S. Ferrer et al., Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor Release by Macrophages after Ingestion of Plasmodium chabaudi-Infected Erythrocytes: Possible Role in the Pathogenesis of Malarial Anemia, Infection and Immunity, vol.68, issue.4, pp.2259-2267, 2000.
DOI : 10.1128/IAI.68.4.2259-2267.2000

R. L. Martins-souza, C. A. Pereira, P. M. Coelho, O. A. Martins-filho, and D. Negro-correa, Flow cytometry analysis of the circulating haemocytes from Biomphalaria glabrata and Biomphalaria tenagophila following Schistosoma mansoni infection, Parasitology, vol.484, issue.01, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/0145-305X(89)90011-6

N. Matsushima, T. Tanaka, P. Enkhbayar, T. Mikami, M. Taga et al., Comparative sequence analysis of leucine-rich repeats (LRRs) within vertebrate toll-like receptors, BMC Genomics, vol.8, issue.1, p.124, 2007.
DOI : 10.1186/1471-2164-8-124

M. Matsushita, Y. Endo, S. Taira, Y. Sato, T. Fujita et al., A Novel Human Serum Lectin with Collagen- and Fibrinogen-like Domains That Functions as an Opsonin, Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol.271, issue.5, pp.2448-2454, 1996.
DOI : 10.1074/jbc.271.5.2448

D. H. Mcguinness, P. K. Dehal, and R. J. Pleass, Pattern recognition molecules and innate immunity to parasites, Trends in Parasitology, vol.19, issue.7, pp.312-319, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S1471-4922(03)00123-5

R. Medzhitov, Inflammation 2010: New Adventures of an Old Flame, Cell, vol.140, issue.6, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.cell.2010.03.006

R. Medzhitov and C. A. Janeway, Innate immunity: impact on the adaptive immune response, Current Opinion in Immunology, vol.9, issue.1, pp.4-9, 1997.
DOI : 10.1016/S0952-7915(97)80152-5

R. Medzhitov and C. A. Janeway, An ancient system of host defense, Current Opinion in Immunology, vol.10, issue.1, pp.12-15, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S0952-7915(98)80024-1

R. Medzhitov, P. Preston-hurlburt, and C. A. Janeway, A human homologue of the Drosophila Toll protein signals activation of adaptive immunity, Nature, vol.388, pp.394-397, 1997.

S. Meister, B. Agianian, F. Turlure, A. Relogio, I. Morlais et al., Anopheles gambiae PGRPLC-Mediated Defense against Bacteria Modulates Infections with Malaria Parasites, PLoS Pathogens, vol.31, issue.2, 2009.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000542.s015

X. Meng, B. S. Khanuja, and Y. T. Ip, Toll receptor-mediated Drosophila immune response requires Dif, an NF-kappa B factor, Genes & Development, vol.13, issue.7, pp.792-797, 1999.
DOI : 10.1101/gad.13.7.792

F. Involvement, Src complex in the processes of Escherichia coli phagocytosis by insect hemocytes, FEBS Letters, vol.496, pp.55-59

K. L. Meyer-siegler, P. L. Vera, K. A. Iczkowski, C. Bifulco, A. Lee et al., Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) gene polymorphisms are associated with increased prostate cancer incidence, Genes and Immunity, vol.100, issue.8, pp.646-652, 2007.
DOI : 10.1038/sj.gene.6364427

P. H. Simard, F. Fontenille, D. Kanost, M. R. , K. et al., Increased melanizing activity in Anopheles gambiae does not affect development of Plasmodium falciparum, Proc Natl Acad Sci, vol.103, pp.16858-16863, 2006.

A. C. Millet and J. J. Ewbank, Immunity in Caenorhabditis elegans, Current Opinion in Immunology, vol.16, issue.1, pp.4-9, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.coi.2003.11.005

R. Mischke, R. Kleemann, H. Brunner, and J. Bernhagen, Cross-linking and mutational analysis of the oligomerization state of the cytokine macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), FEBS Letters, vol.24, issue.1, pp.85-90, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S0014-5793(98)00400-1

R. A. Mitchell, H. Liao, J. Chesney, G. Fingerle-rowson, J. Baugh et al., Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) sustains macrophage proinflammatory function by inhibiting p53: Regulatory role in the innate immune response, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.99, issue.1, 2002.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.012511599

R. A. Mitchell, C. N. Metz, T. Peng, and R. Bucala, Sustained Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) and Cytoplasmic Phospholipase A2 Activation by Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor (MIF): REGULATORY ROLE IN CELL PROLIFERATION AND GLUCOCORTICOID ACTION, Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol.274, issue.25, pp.18100-18106, 1999.
DOI : 10.1074/jbc.274.25.18100

G. Mitta, R. Galinier, P. Tisseyre, J. F. Allienne, Y. Girerd-chambaz et al., Gene discovery and expression analysis of immune-relevant genes from Biomphalaria glabrata hemocytes, Developmental & Comparative Immunology, vol.29, issue.5, pp.393-407, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.dci.2004.10.002

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00104494

G. Mitta, F. Vandenbulcke, R. , and P. , Original involvement of antimicrobial peptides in mussel innate immunity, FEBS Letters, vol.284, issue.3, pp.185-190, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0014-5793(00)02192-X

Y. Mizue, S. Ghani, L. Leng, C. Mcdonald, P. Kong et al., Role for macrophage migration inhibitory factor in asthma, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.102, issue.40, pp.14410-14415, 2005.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.0507189102

L. F. Moita, R. Wang-sattler, K. Michel, T. Zimmermann, S. Blandin et al., In Vivo Identification of Novel Regulators and Conserved Pathways of Phagocytosis in A. gambiae, Immunity, vol.23, issue.1, pp.65-73, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.immuni.2005.05.006

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00094863

C. Montagnani, C. Kappler, J. M. Reichhart, and J. M. Escoubas, Cg-Rel, the first, 2004.

. Rel, NF-[kappa]B homolog characterized in a mollusk, the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas

J. Morales-montor, F. Mohamed, A. Baghdadi, S. Baig, C. Hallal-calleros et al., Expression of mRNA for interleukin-1??, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-?? and macrophage migration inhibitory factor in HPA-axis tissues in Schistosoma mansoni-infected baboons (Papio cynocephalus), International Journal for Parasitology, vol.33, issue.13, pp.1515-1524, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0020-7519(03)00135-8

E. Moreno, M. Yan, and K. Basler, Evolution of TNF Signaling Mechanisms, Current Biology, vol.12, issue.14, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0960-9822(02)00954-5

A. Nappi, E. Vass, F. Frey, and Y. Carton, Superoxide anion generation in Drosophila during melanotic encapsulation of parasites, Eur J Cell Biol, vol.4, pp.450-456, 1995.

M. F. Naujokas, L. S. Arneson, B. Fineschi, M. E. Peterson, S. Sitterding et al., Potent effects of low levels of MHC class II-associated invariant chain on CD4+ T cell development, Immunity, vol.3, issue.3, pp.359-372, 1995.
DOI : 10.1016/1074-7613(95)90120-5

M. F. Naujokas, M. Morin, M. S. Anderson, M. Peterson, and J. Miller, The chondroitin sulfate form of invariant chain can enhance stimulation of T cell responses through interaction with CD44, Cell, vol.74, issue.2, pp.257-268, 1993.
DOI : 10.1016/0092-8674(93)90417-O

S. Higaki, H. Yanai, and T. Yoshida, Association of the -173G/C polymorphism of the macrophage migration inhibitory factor gene with ulcerative colitis, J Gastroenterol, vol.39, pp.242-246, 2004.

M. Nonaka and A. Kimura, Genomic view of the evolution of the complement system, Immunogenetics, vol.24, issue.12, pp.701-713, 2006.
DOI : 10.1007/s00251-006-0142-1

M. Oddo, T. Calandra, R. Bucala, and P. R. Meylan, Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor Reduces the Growth of Virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Human Macrophages, Infection and Immunity, vol.73, issue.6, pp.3783-3786, 2005.
DOI : 10.1128/IAI.73.6.3783-3786.2005

M. A. Osta, G. K. Christophides, K. , and F. C. , Effects of Mosquito Genes on Plasmodium Development, Science, vol.303, issue.5666, pp.2030-2032, 2004.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1091789

D. V. Pastrana, N. Raghavan, P. Fitzgerald, S. W. Eisinger, C. Metz et al., Filarial Nematode Parasites Secrete a Homologue of the Human Cytokine Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor, Infect Immun, vol.66, pp.5955-5963, 1998.

J. L. Pennock, J. M. Behnke, Q. D. Bickle, E. Devaney, R. K. Grencis et al., Rapid purification and characterization of l-dopachrome-methyl ester tautomerase (macrophage-migration-inhibitory factor) from Trichinella spiralis, Trichuris muris and Brugia pahangi, Biochemical Journal, vol.335, issue.3, pp.495-498, 1998.
DOI : 10.1042/bj3350495

J. S. Philo, T. Yang, and M. Labarre, Re-examining the oligomerization state of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) in solution, Biophysical Chemistry, vol.108, issue.1-3, pp.77-87, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.bpc.2003.10.010

B. J. Plant, S. Ghani, M. J. O-'mahony, L. Morgan, C. M. O-'connor et al., Sarcoidosis and MIF gene polymorphism: a case-control study in an Irish population, European Respiratory Journal, vol.29, issue.2, pp.325-329, 2007.
DOI : 10.1183/09031936.00129905

B. Pulendran, H. Tang, and S. Manicassamy, Programming dendritic cells to induce TH2 and tolerogenic responses, Nature Immunology, vol.197, issue.8, pp.647-655, 2010.
DOI : 10.1038/ni.1894

D. A. Raftos, M. Fabbro, and S. V. Nair, Exocytosis of a complement component C3-like protein by tunicate hemocytes, Developmental & Comparative Immunology, vol.28, issue.3, pp.181-190, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/S0145-305X(03)00136-8

N. Raghavan and M. Knight, The snail (Biomphalaria glabrata) genome project, Trends in Parasitology, vol.22, issue.4, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.pt.2006.02.008

N. Raghavan, A. N. Miller, M. Gardner, P. C. Fitzgerald, A. R. Kerlavage et al., Comparative gene analysis of Biomphalaria glabrata hemocytes pre- and post-exposure to miracidia of Schistosoma mansoni, Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology, vol.126, issue.2, pp.181-191, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0166-6851(02)00272-4

P. Renner, T. Roger, C. , and T. , Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor, 2005.

J. L. Reyes, L. I. Terrazas, B. Espinoza, D. Cruz-robles, V. Soto et al., Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor Contributes to Host Defense against Acute Trypanosoma cruzi Infection, Infection and Immunity, vol.74, issue.6, pp.3170-3179, 2006.
DOI : 10.1128/IAI.01648-05

N. C. Riedemann, R. Guo, and P. A. Ward, Novel strategies for the treatment of sepsis, Nature Medicine, vol.9, issue.5, pp.517-524, 2003.
DOI : 10.1038/nm0503-517

M. Rincón, D. , and R. J. , Regulation of the immune response by stress-activated protein kinases, Immunological Reviews, vol.28, issue.1, pp.212-224, 2009.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1600-065X.2008.00744.x

M. J. Robinson, C. , and M. H. , Mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways, Current Opinion in Cell Biology, vol.9, issue.2, pp.180-186, 1997.
DOI : 10.1016/S0955-0674(97)80061-0

E. Roger, C. Grunau, R. J. Pierce, H. Hirai, B. Gourbal et al., Controlled Chaos of Polymorphic Mucins in a, 2008.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/halsde-00344615

E. Roger, G. Mitta, Y. Moné, A. Bouchut, A. Rognon et al., Molecular determinants of compatibility polymorphism in the Biomphalaria glabrata/Schistosoma mansoni model: New candidates identified by a global comparative proteomics approach, Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology, vol.157, issue.2, pp.205-216, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2007.11.003

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/halsde-00286494

T. Roger, J. David, M. P. Glauser, C. , and T. , MIF regulates innate immune responses through modulation of Toll-like receptor 4, Nature, vol.164, issue.6866, pp.920-924, 2001.
DOI : 10.1038/414920a

T. Roger, X. Ding, A. L. Chanson, P. Renner, C. et al., Regulation of constitutive and microbial pathogen-induced humanmacrophage migration inhibitory factor(MIF) gene expression, European Journal of Immunology, vol.387, issue.12, pp.3509-3521, 2007.
DOI : 10.1002/eji.200737357

T. Roger, M. P. Glauser, C. , and T. , Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) modulates innate immune responses induced by endotoxin and Gram-negative bacteria, 2001.

E. Rosengren, P. Åman, S. Thelin, C. Hansson, S. Ahlfors et al., The macrophage migration inhibitory factor MIF is a phenylpyruvate tautomerase, FEBS Letters, vol.2, issue.1, pp.85-88, 1997.
DOI : 10.1016/S0014-5793(97)01261-1

A. G. Ross, P. B. Bartley, A. C. Sleigh, G. R. Olds, Y. Li et al., Schistosomiasis, New England Journal of Medicine, vol.346, issue.16, pp.1212-1220, 2002.
DOI : 10.1056/NEJMra012396

S. Rutschmann, A. Kilinc, and D. Ferrandon, Cutting Edge: The Toll Pathway Is Required for Resistance to Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections in Drosophila, The Journal of Immunology, vol.168, issue.4, pp.1542-1546, 2002.
DOI : 10.4049/jimmunol.168.4.1542

B. M. Sadd and P. Schmid-hempel, Insect Immunity Shows Specificity in Protection upon Secondary Pathogen Exposure, Current Biology, vol.16, issue.12, pp.1206-1210, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.cub.2006.04.047

G. Sandland, A. Foster, M. Zavodna, and D. Minchella, Interplay between host genetic variation and parasite transmission in the Biomphalaria glabrata???Schistosoma mansoni system, Parasitology Research, vol.73, issue.1, pp.1083-1089, 2007.
DOI : 10.1007/s00436-007-0593-9

A. R. Satoskar, M. Bozza, R. Sosa, M. Lin, G. et al., Migration-Inhibitory Factor Gene-Deficient Mice Are Susceptible to Cutaneous Leishmania major Infection, Infection and Immunity, vol.69, issue.2, pp.906-911, 2001.
DOI : 10.1128/IAI.69.2.906-911.2001

D. S. Schneider, J. S. Ayres, S. M. Brandt, A. Costa, M. S. Dionne et al., Drosophila eiger Mutants Are Sensitive to Extracellular Pathogens, PLoS Pathogens, vol.71, issue.3, p.41, 2007.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.ppat.0030041.sg001

H. Schulenburg, C. Boehnisch, and N. K. Michiels, How do invertebrates generate a highly specific innate immune response?, Molecular Immunology, vol.44, issue.13, pp.3338-3344, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.molimm.2007.02.019

H. Schulenburg, M. P. Hoeppner, J. Weiner-iii, and E. Bornberg-bauer, Specificity of the innate immune system and diversity of C-type lectin domain (CTLD) proteins in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, Immunobiology, vol.213, issue.3-4, pp.237-250, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.imbio.2007.12.004

V. Schwartz, H. Lue, S. Kraemer, J. Korbiel, R. Krohn et al., A functional heteromeric MIF receptor formed by CD74 and CXCR4, FEBS Letters, vol.10, issue.17, pp.2749-2757, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.febslet.2009.07.058

D. Shao, X. Zhong, Y. Zhou, Z. Han, Y. Lin et al., Structural and functional comparison of MIF ortholog from Plasmodium yoelii with MIF from its rodent host, Molecular Immunology, vol.47, issue.4, pp.726-737, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.molimm.2009.10.037

X. Shi, L. Leng, T. Wang, W. Wang, X. Du et al., CD44 Is the Signaling Component of the Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor-CD74 Receptor Complex, CD44 Is the Signaling Component of the Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor-CD74 Receptor Complex, pp.595-606, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.immuni.2006.08.020

C. Sire, A. Rognon, T. , and A. , Failure of Schistosoma mansoni to reinfect Biomphalaria glabrata snails: acquired humoral resistance or intra-specific larval antagonism?, Parasitology, vol.117, issue.2, pp.117-122, 1998.
DOI : 10.1017/S0031182098002923

J. A. Souza-neto, S. Sim, D. , and G. , An evolutionary conserved function of the JAK-STAT pathway in anti-dengue defense, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.106, issue.42, 2009.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.0905006106

H. W. Sun, J. Bernhagen, R. Bucala, and E. Lolis, Crystal structure at 2.6-A resolution of human macrophage migration inhibitory factor., Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.93, issue.11, pp.5191-5196, 1996.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.93.11.5191

M. Swope, H. Sun, P. R. Blake, and E. Lolis, Direct link between cytokine activity and a catalytic site for macrophage migration inhibitory factor, The EMBO Journal, vol.17, issue.13, pp.3534-3541, 1998.
DOI : 10.1093/emboj/17.13.3534

T. H. Tan, S. A. Edgerton, R. Kumari, M. S. Mcalister, S. M. Roe et al., Macrophage migration inhibitory factor of the parasitic nematode Trichinella spiralis, Biochemical Journal, vol.357, issue.2, pp.373-383, 2001.
DOI : 10.1042/bj3570373

S. Tauszig, E. Jouanguy, J. A. Hoffmann, and J. Imler, Toll-related receptors and the control of antimicrobial peptide expression in Drosophila, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.97, issue.19, pp.10520-10525, 2000.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.180130797

S. Taylor, M. Landman, L. , and N. , Flow Cytometric Characterization of Freshwater Crayfish Hemocytes for the Examination of Physiological Status in Wild and Captive Animals, Journal of Aquatic Animal Health, vol.21, issue.3, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/S0044-8486(01)00646-9

A. Tilo, G. Volker, T. Thuy-anh, S. Gerhard, N. Mariko et al., The Biosynthesis of Acute-Phase Proteins in Primary Cultures of Rat Hepatocytes, Eur J Biochem, vol.133, pp.561-571, 1983.

R. D. Timothy, C. G. Fred, W. Paco, F. Barbara, H. H. Sita et al., Correlation of rheumatoid arthritis severity with the genetic functional variants and circulating levels of macrophage migration inhibitory factor, C.M.v.R. Arthritis Rheum, vol.52, pp.3020-3029, 2005.

T. Ö. Tingvall, E. Roos, and Y. Engström, The GATA factor Serpent is required for the onset of the humoral immune response in Drosophila embryos, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.98, issue.7, pp.3884-3888, 2001.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.061230198

W. P. Van-der-knaap and E. S. Loker, Immune mechanisms in trematode-snail interactions, Parasitology Today, vol.6, issue.6, pp.175-182, 1990.
DOI : 10.1016/0169-4758(90)90349-9

B. Vaseeharan, Y. Lin, C. Ko, T. Chiou, C. et al., Molecular cloning and characterisation of a thioester-containing ??2-macroglobulin (??2-M) from the haemocytes of mud crab Scylla serrata, Fish & Shellfish Immunology, vol.22, issue.1-2, pp.115-130, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.fsi.2006.03.017

D. Vergote, A. Bouchut, P. E. Sautière, E. Roger, R. Galinier et al., Characterisation of proteins differentially present in the plasma of Biomphalaria glabrata susceptible or resistant to Echinostoma caproni, International Journal for Parasitology, vol.35, issue.2, pp.215-224, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ijpara.2004.11.006

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00104691

J. J. Vermeire, Y. Cho, E. Lolis, R. Bucala, and M. Cappello, Orthologs of macrophage migration inhibitory factor from parasitic nematodes, Trends in Parasitology, vol.24, issue.8, pp.355-363, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.pt.2008.04.007

D. Loof, A. Schoofs, and L. , A proteomic approach for the analysis of instantly released wound and immune proteins in Drosophila melanogaster hemolymph, Proc Natl Acad Sci, vol.101, pp.470-475, 2004.

G. Waeber, N. Thompson, T. Chautard, M. Steinmann, P. Nicod et al., Transcriptional activation of the Macrophage Migration- Inhibitory Factor gene by the Corticotropin-Releasing Factor is Mediated by the Cyclic Adenosine 3',5'-Monophosphate Responsive Element-Binding Protein CREB in Pituitary Cells, Mol Endocrinol, vol.12, pp.698-705, 1998.

E. Warr, S. Das, Y. Dong, D. , and G. , The Gram-Negative, 2008.

N. C. Rogers, C. Schindler, G. R. Stark, and J. N. Ihle, Complementation by the protein tyrosine kinase JAK2 of a mutant cell line defective in the interferon-gamma signal transduction pathway, Nature, vol.366, pp.166-170, 1993.

F. L. Watson, R. Puttmann-holgado, F. Thomas, D. L. Lamar, M. Hughes et al., Extensive Diversity of Ig-Superfamily Proteins in the Immune System of Insects, Science, vol.309, issue.5742, pp.1874-1878, 2005.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1116887

M. A. Morse, J. Imler, and N. J. Gay, Binding of the Drosophila cytokine Spatzle to Toll is direct and establishes signaling, Nat Immunol, vol.4, pp.794-800, 2003.

J. P. Webster and C. M. Davies, Coevolution and compatibility in the snailschistosome system, Parasitology, vol.123, pp.41-56, 2001.

W. Y. Weiser, P. A. Temple, J. S. Witek-giannotti, H. G. Remold, S. C. Clark et al., Molecular cloning of a cDNA encoding a human macrophage migration inhibitory factor., Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.86, issue.19, pp.7522-7526, 1989.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.86.19.7522

Z. Wu, T. Boonmars, I. Nagano, T. Nakada, and Y. Takahashi, MOLECULAR EXPRESSION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF A HOMOLOGUE OF HOST CYTOKINE MACROPHAGE MIGRATION INHIBITORY FACTOR FROM TRICHINELLA SPP, Journal of Parasitology, vol.89, issue.3, pp.507-515, 2003.
DOI : 10.1645/0022-3395(2003)089[0507:MEACOA]2.0.CO;2

D. Xu, S. J. Mcsorley, L. Tetley, S. Chatfield, G. Dougan et al., Protective effect on Leishmania major infection of migration inhibitory factor, TNF-?, and IFN-? administered orally via attenuated Salmonella typhimurium, J Immunol, vol.160, pp.1285-1289, 1998.

T. P. Yoshino, C. Coustau, S. Modat, and M. G. Castillo, The Biomphalaria glabrata embryonic (Bge) molluscan cell line: establishment of an in vitro cellular model for the study of snail host-parasite interactions, Malacologia, vol.41, pp.331-343, 1999.

T. P. Yoshino, N. Dinguirard, J. Kunert, and C. H. Hokke, Molecular and functional characterization of a tandem-repeat galectin from the freshwater snail Biomphalaria glabrata, intermediate host of the human blood fluke Schistosoma mansoni, Gene, vol.411, issue.1-2, pp.46-58, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.gene.2008.01.003

X. Q. Yu, Y. F. Zhu, C. Ma, J. A. Fabrick, and M. R. Kanost, Pattern recognition proteins in Manduca sexta plasma, Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, vol.32, issue.10, pp.1287-1293, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0965-1748(02)00091-7

H. J. Yuasa, E. Furuta, A. Nakamura, and T. Takagi, Cloning and sequencing of three C-type lectins from body surface mucus of the land slug, Incilaria fruhstorferi, Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, vol.119, issue.3, pp.479-484, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S0305-0491(98)00008-X

Z. Zahoor, A. J. Davies, R. S. Kirk, D. Rollinson, and A. J. Walker, Disruption of ERK signalling in Biomphalaria glabrata defence cells by Schistosoma mansoni: Implications for parasite survival in the snail host, Developmental & Comparative Immunology, vol.32, issue.12, pp.1561-1571, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.dci.2008.05.014

X. Zang, P. Taylor, J. M. Wang, D. J. Meyer, A. L. Scott et al., Homologues of Human Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor from a Parasitic Nematode. GENE CLONING, PROTEIN ACTIVITY, AND CRYSTAL STRUCTURE, Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol.277, issue.46, pp.44261-44267, 2002.
DOI : 10.1074/jbc.M204655200

N. A. Zelensky and J. E. Gready, The C-type lectin-like domain superfamily, FEBS Journal, vol.115, issue.1, pp.6179-6217, 2005.
DOI : 10.1186/1471-2105-5-150

S. Zhang, C. M. Adema, T. B. Kepler, and E. S. Loker, Diversification of Ig Superfamily Genes in an Invertebrate, Science, vol.305, issue.5681, pp.251-254, 2004.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1088069

S. Zhang, P. Léonard, C. Adema, and E. Loker, Parasite-responsive IgSF members in the snail Biomphalaria glabrata : characterization of novel genes with tandemly arranged IgSF domains and a fibrinogen domain, Immunogenetics, vol.53, issue.8, pp.684-694, 2001.
DOI : 10.1007/s00251-001-0386-8

S. Zhang and E. S. Loker, Representation of an immune responsive gene family encoding fibrinogen-related proteins in the freshwater mollusc Biomphalaria glabrata, an intermediate host for Schistosoma mansoni, Gene, vol.341, pp.255-266, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.gene.2004.07.003

S. Zhang, Z. Yong, and E. S. Loker, Expression profiling and binding properties of fibrinogen-related proteins (FREPs), plasma proteins from the schistosome snail host Biomphalaria glabrata, Innate Immunity, vol.14, issue.3, pp.175-189, 2008.
DOI : 10.1177/1753425908093800

S. Zhang, Y. Zeng, and E. Loker, Characterization of immune genes from the schistosome host snail Biomphalaria glabrata that encode peptidoglycan recognition proteins and gram-negative bacteria binding protein, Immunogenetics, vol.305, issue.11, pp.883-898, 2007.
DOI : 10.1007/s00251-007-0245-3