S. Han, H. Kim, Y. Lee, J. Lee, and S. Kim, Plasma source ion implantation of nitrogen, carbon and oxygen into Ti-6Al-4V alloy, Surface and Coatings Technology, vol.82, issue.3, pp.270-276, 1996.
DOI : 10.1016/0257-8972(95)02722-X

A. Garcia, J. L. Viviente, F. Alonso, A. Loinaz, and J. I. Onate, Growth of carbon layers on Ti???6Al???4V alloy by very high dose carbon implantation, Surface and Coatings Technology, vol.97, issue.1-3, pp.499-503, 1997.
DOI : 10.1016/S0257-8972(97)00131-X

J. L. Viviente, A. Garcia, A. Loinaz, F. Alonso, and J. I. Onate, Carbon layers formed on steel and Ti alloys after ion implantation of C+ at very high doses, Vacuum, vol.52, issue.1-2, pp.141-146, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0042-207X(98)00213-9

J. L. Viviente, A. Garcia, F. Alonso, I. Braceras, and J. I. , Onate, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy characterization of high dose carbon-implanted steel and titanium alloys, Applied Surface Science, pp.144-145, 1999.

F. Alonso, A. Arizaga, S. J. Quainton, J. L. Ugarte, J. I. Viviente et al., Mechanical properties and struture of Ti-6Al-4V alloy implanted with different light ions, Surface and Coatings Technology, pp.74-75, 1995.

M. Soltani-farshi, H. Baumann, D. Rück, E. Richter, U. Kreissig et al., Content of hydrogen in boron-, carbon-, nitrogen-, oxygen-, fluorine- and neon-implanted titanium, Surface and Coatings Technology, vol.103, issue.104, pp.104-299, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S0257-8972(98)00427-7

P. W. Shum, Z. F. Zhou, and K. Y. Li, Enhancement of adhesion strength and tribological performance of pure carbon coatings on Ti-6Al-4V biomaterials with ion implantation pre-treatments, Tribology International, pp.40-313, 2007.

E. K. Storms, The Refractory Carbides, 1967.

C. Arvieu, J. P. Manaud, and J. M. Quenisset, Interaction between titanium and carbon at moderate temperatures, Journal of Alloys and Compounds, vol.368, issue.1-2, pp.116-122, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jallcom.2003.08.051

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00138143

D. Krupa, E. Jezierska, J. Baszkiewicz, T. Wierzchon, A. Barcz et al., Effect of carbon ion implantation on the structure and corrosion resistance of OT-4-0 titanium alloy, Surface and Coatings Technology, vol.114, issue.2-3, pp.250-259, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0257-8972(99)00052-3

R. N. Bolster, I. L. Singer, and R. G. Vardiman, Composition, structure and wear resistance of Ti-6Al-4V implanted with carbon or boron to high doses, Surface and Coatings Technology, vol.33, pp.33-469, 1987.
DOI : 10.1016/0257-8972(87)90211-8

X. Ma, Y. Sun, P. Wu, L. Xia, and K. Yukimura, Structure of titanium films implanted with carbon by plasma-based ion implantation, Surface and Coatings Technology, vol.169, issue.170, pp.169-170, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0257-8972(03)00047-1

D. Sansom, J. L. Viviente, F. Alonso, J. J. Ugarte, and J. I. Onate, Ion implantation of TiN films with carbon or nitrogen for improved tribomechanical properties, Surface and Coatings Technology, vol.84, issue.1-3, pp.519-523, 1996.
DOI : 10.1016/S0257-8972(95)02769-6

T. Fujihana, Y. Okabe, and V. Iwaki, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy characterization of high dose carbon-implanted refractory metals, Surface and Coatings Technology, vol.66, issue.1-3, pp.419-425, 1994.
DOI : 10.1016/0257-8972(94)90042-6

J. I. Onate, F. Alonso, and A. Garcia, Improvement of tribological properties by ion implantation, Thin Solid Films, vol.317, issue.1-2, pp.471-476, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S0040-6090(97)00564-6

I. L. Singer, Surface analysis, ion implantation and tribological processes affecting steels, Applications of Surface Science, vol.18, issue.1-2, pp.28-62, 1984.
DOI : 10.1016/0378-5963(84)90037-0

J. K. Hirvonen, C. A. Carosella, R. A. Kant, I. Singer, R. Vardiman et al., Improvement of metal properties by ion implantation 63, Thin Solid Films, pp.5-10, 1979.

S. Saritas, R. P. Procter, and W. A. Grant, The use of ion implantation to modify the tribological properties of Ti???6Al???4V alloy, Materials Science and Engineering, vol.90, pp.297-306, 1987.
DOI : 10.1016/0025-5416(87)90225-4

G. D. Lempert and A. Tsour, Reduction of static friction between surfaces of Ti-6Al-4V and between surfaces of Ti-6Al-4V and Al-7075, Surface and Coatings Technology, vol.52, issue.3, pp.291-295, 1992.
DOI : 10.1016/0257-8972(92)90029-A

J. C. Pivin, Structure and wear resistance of Ti and TiAl surfaces implanted with B, C, N, O, Journal of Materials Science, vol.2, issue.no. 5, pp.25-2743, 1990.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00584874

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/in2p3-00001975

D. Krupa, J. Baszkiewicz, E. Jezierska, J. Kozubowski, and A. Barcz, Effect of nitrogen, carbon and oxygen ion implantation on the structure and corrosion resistance of OT- 4-O titanium alloy, Nukleonika, vol.44, issue.2, pp.207-216, 1999.

C. Hammerl, B. Renner, B. Rauschenbach, and W. Assmann, Phase formation in titanium after high-fluence oxygen ion implantation, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in, Physics Research, vol.148, pp.851-857, 1999.

C. Hammerl, Y. Bohne, W. Assmann, K. Helming, and B. Rauschenbach, Formation of buried oxide layers in titanium by high-fluence oxygen ion implantation, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in, Physics Research, vol.206, pp.1072-1076, 2003.

S. Mändl, G. Thorwarth, M. Schreck, B. Stritzker, and B. Rauschenbach, Raman study of titanium oxide layers produced with plasma immersion ion implantation, Surface and Coatings Technology, vol.125, issue.1-3, pp.84-88, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0257-8972(99)00559-9

J. Li, M. Sun, X. Ma, and G. Tang, Structure and tribological performance of modified layer on Ti6Al4V alloy by plasma-based ion implantation with oxygen, Wear, vol.261, issue.11-12, pp.1247-1252, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.wear.2006.03.010

J. Vámosi and S. Biri, TrapCAD ??? a program to model magnetic traps of charged particles, Computer Physics Communications, vol.98, issue.1-2, p.215, 1996.
DOI : 10.1016/0010-4655(96)00053-7

L. Maunoury, C. Pierret, S. Biri, and J. Y. Pacquet, Studies of the ECR plasma using the TrapCAD code, Plasma Sources Science and Technology, vol.18, issue.1, p.15019, 2009.
DOI : 10.1088/0963-0252/18/1/015019

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/cea-00359144

P. Elleaume, O. Chubar, and J. Chavanne, Computing 3D Magnetic Field from Insertion Devices, proc, of the PAC97 Conference, pp.3509-3511, 1997.
DOI : 10.1109/pac.1997.753258

URL : http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.602.5276

O. Chubar, P. Elleaume, and J. Chavanne, A three-dimensional magnetostatics computer code for insertion devices, Journal of Synchrotron Radiation, vol.5, issue.3, pp.481-484, 1997.
DOI : 10.1107/S0909049597013502

H. Izutsu, P. K. Nair, K. Maeda, Y. Kiyozumi, and F. Mizukami, Structure and properties of TiO2???SiO2 prepared by sol-gel method in the presence of tartaric acid, Materials Research Bulletin, vol.32, issue.9, pp.1303-1311, 1997.
DOI : 10.1016/S0025-5408(97)00106-2

P. Colombi, P. Zanola, E. Bontempi, and L. E. Depero, Modeling of glancing incidence X-ray for depth profiling of thin layers, Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy, vol.62, issue.6-7, pp.554-557, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.sab.2007.02.012

T. Simon, Modifications des propriétés physico-chimiques et de la microstructure de l'aluminium après nitruration par implantation d'ions multichargés, Thèse de doctorat, 2009.

Q. Alexis, Modifications structurales de spinelles sous irradiation, Thèse de doctorat, 2010.

V. Bertrand and . Moortele, Étude par spectroscopie mécanique et microscopie électronique en transmission de la stabilité thermique de verres métalliques massifs : effets de la décomposition et de la nanocristallisation, Thèse de doctorat, 2002.

J. C. Nappe, Évaluation du comportement sous irradiation de Ti3SiC2 : Étude de l'endommagement structural et microstructural, 2009.

W. C. Oliver and G. M. Pharr, An improved technique for determining hardness and elastic modulus using load and displacement sensing indentation experiments, Journal of Materials Research, vol.XI, issue.06, pp.1564-1583, 1992.
DOI : 10.1557/JMR.1992.0613

M. Kunert, Mechanical properties on nanometer scale and their relations to composition and microstructure. A nanoindentation study on carbon implanted Ti- 6Al-4V, Max-Planck-Institut für Metallforschung, 2000.

I. N. Sneddon, The relation between load and penetration in the axisymmetric boussinesq problem for a punch of arbitrary profile, International Journal of Engineering Science, vol.3, issue.1, pp.47-57, 1965.
DOI : 10.1016/0020-7225(65)90019-4

M. Nassirou and J. Thurn, Comparison of Depth-Sensing Indentation at Ultramicroscopic Contacts by Single- and Multiple-Partial-Unload Cycles, International Journal of Materials Research, vol.100, issue.5, pp.703-707, 2009.
DOI : 10.3139/146.110084

X. Li and &. B. Bhushan, A review of nanoindentation continuous stiffness measurement technique and its applications, Materials Characterization, vol.48, issue.1, pp.11-36, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S1044-5803(02)00192-4

J. C. Pivin, Structure and wear resistance of Ti and TiAl surfaces implanted with B, C, N, O, Journal of Materials Science, vol.2, issue.no. 5, pp.25-2743, 1990.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00584874

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/in2p3-00001975

J. Belot and B. Rigaut, Importance industrielle de l'usure, CETIM-Information n°141, dec, 1994.

]. S. Mändl, G. Thorwarth, M. Schreck, B. Stritzker, and B. Rauschenbach, Raman study of titanium oxide layers produced with plasma immersion ion implantation, htm 6. Références bibliographiques, pp.84-88, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0257-8972(99)00559-9

J. Li, M. Sun, X. Ma, and G. Tang, Structure and tribological performance of modified layer on Ti6Al4V alloy by plasma-based ion implantation with oxygen The application of Raman and anti-stokes Raman spectroscopy for in situ monitoring of structural changes in laser irradiated titanium dioxide materials, Wear Applied Surface Science, vol.261, issue.252, pp.1247-1252, 2006.

A. Wenzel, C. Hammerl, A. Kijniger, and B. Rauschenbach, Formation of titanium carbide by high-Fluence carbon ion implantation, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in, Physics Reserch B, vol.129, pp.369-376, 1997.

D. Krupa, E. Jezierska, J. Baszkiewicz, T. Wierzchon, A. Barcz et al., Effect of carbon ion implantation on the structure and corrosion resistance of OT-4-0 titanium alloy, Surface and Coatings Technology, vol.114, issue.2-3, pp.250-259, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0257-8972(99)00052-3

C. Hammerl, Y. Bohne, W. Assmann, K. Helming, and B. Rauschenbach, Formation of buried oxide layers in titanium by high-fluence oxygen ion implantation, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in, Physics Research B, vol.206, pp.1072-1076, 2003.

A. Garcia, J. L. Viviente, F. Alonso, A. Loinaz, and J. I. Onate, Growth of carbon layers on Ti???6Al???4V alloy by very high dose carbon implantation, Surface and Coatings Technology, vol.97, issue.1-3, pp.499-503, 1997.
DOI : 10.1016/S0257-8972(97)00131-X

J. L. Viviente, A. Garcia, F. Alonso, I. Braceras, and J. I. , Onate, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy characterization of high dose carbon-implanted steel and titanium alloys, Applied Surface Science, pp.144-145, 1999.

J. C. Pivin, Structure and wear resistance of Ti and TiAl surfaces implanted with B, C, N, O, Journal of Materials Science, vol.2, issue.no. 5, pp.25-2743, 1990.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00584874

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/in2p3-00001975

D. Krupa, E. Jezierska, J. Baszkiewicz, T. Wierzchon, A. Barcz et al., Effect of carbon ion implantation on the structure and corrosion resistance of OT-4-0 titanium alloy, Surface and Coatings Technology, vol.114, issue.2-3, pp.250-259, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0257-8972(99)00052-3

P. W. Shum, Z. F. Zhou, and K. Y. Li, Optimisation of carbon implantation pre-treatments on the adhesion strength of amorphous carbon coatings on AISI 440C steel substrates, Surface and Coatings Technology, vol.166, issue.2-3, pp.213-220, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0257-8972(02)00820-4

A. Wenzel, C. Hammerl, A. Kijniger, and B. Rauschenbach, Formation of titanium carbide by high-Fluence carbon ion implantation, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in, Physics Research B, vol.129, pp.369-376, 1997.

J. I. Onate, F. Alonso, and A. Garcia, Improvement of tribological properties by ion implantation, Thin Solid Films, vol.317, issue.1-2, pp.471-476, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S0040-6090(97)00564-6

J. C. Sánchez-lópez, D. Martínez-martínez, C. López-cartes, and A. Fernández, Tribological behaviour of titanium carbide/amorphous carbon nanocomposite coatings: From macro to the micro-scale, Surface and Coatings Technology, vol.202, issue.16, pp.4011-4018, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2008.02.012

D. Sansom, J. L. Viviente, F. Alonso, J. J. Ugarte, and J. I. Onate, Ion implantation of TiN films with carbon or nitrogen for improved tribomechanical properties, Surface and Coatings Technology, vol.84, issue.1-3, pp.519-523, 1996.
DOI : 10.1016/S0257-8972(95)02769-6

J. L. Viviente, A. Garcia, A. Loinaz, F. Alonso, and J. I. Onate, Carbon layers formed on steel and Ti alloys after ion implantation of C+ at very high doses, Vacuum, vol.52, issue.1-2, pp.141-146, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0042-207X(98)00213-9

T. Simon, Modifications des propriétés physico-chimiques et de la microstructure de l'aluminium après nitruration par implantation d'ions multichargés, Thèse de doctorat, 2009.

D. Krupa, E. Jezierska, J. Baszkiewicz, T. Wierzchon, A. Barcz et al., Effect of carbon ion implantation on the structure and corrosion resistance of OT-4-0 titanium alloy, Surface and Coatings Technology, vol.114, issue.2-3, pp.250-259, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0257-8972(99)00052-3