T. Vassilakopoulos and B. Petrof, Ventilator-induced Diaphragmatic Dysfunction, American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, vol.169, issue.3, pp.336-341, 2004.
DOI : 10.1164/rccm.200304-489CP

L. Bourdelles, G. Viires, N. Boczkowski, J. Seta, N. Pavlovic et al., Effects of mechanical ventilation on diaphragmatic contractile properties in rats., American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, vol.149, issue.6, pp.1539-1544, 1994.
DOI : 10.1164/ajrccm.149.6.8004310

R. Shanely, M. Zergeroglu, S. Lennon, T. Sugiura, T. Yimlamai et al., Mechanical Ventilation???induced Diaphragmatic Atrophy Is Associated with Oxidative Injury and Increased Proteolytic Activity, American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, vol.166, issue.10, pp.1369-1374, 2002.
DOI : 10.1164/rccm.200202-088OC

M. Cicale and S. Dodd, Mechanical ventilation results in progressive contractile dysfunction in the diaphragm, J Appl Physiol, vol.92, pp.1851-1858, 2002.

G. Gayan-ramirez, K. De-paepe, P. Cadot, and M. Decramer, Detrimental effects of short-term mechanical ventilation on diaphragm function and IGF-I mRNA in rats, Intensive Care Medicine, vol.277, issue.5, pp.825-833, 2003.
DOI : 10.1007/s00134-003-1688-0

C. Sassoon, E. Zhu, and V. Caiozzo, Assist???Control Mechanical Ventilation Attenuates Ventilator-induced Diaphragmatic Dysfunction, American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, vol.170, issue.6, pp.626-632, 2004.
DOI : 10.1164/rccm.200401-042OC

P. Radell, S. Remahl, D. Nichols, and L. Eriksson, Effects of prolonged mechanical ventilation and inactivity on piglet diaphragm function, Intensive Care Medicine, vol.28, issue.3, pp.358-364, 2002.
DOI : 10.1007/s00134-002-1207-8

J. Coalson, Effects of prolonged controlled mechanical ventilation on diaphragmatic function in healthy adult baboons, Crit Care Med, vol.25, pp.1187-1190, 1997.

S. Sonnad, L. Kaiser, N. Rubinstein, S. Powers, and J. Shrager, Rapid disuse atrophy of diaphragm fibers in mechanically ventilated humans, N Engl J Med, vol.358, pp.1327-1335, 2008.

S. Jaber, B. Petrof, B. Jung, G. Chanques, J. Berthet et al., Rapidly Progressive Diaphragmatic Weakness and Injury during Mechanical Ventilation in Humans, Am J Respir Crit Care Med

M. Gainnier, A. Roch, J. Forel, X. Thirion, J. Arnal et al., Effect of neuromuscular blocking agents on gas exchange in patients presenting with acute respiratory distress syndrome*, Critical Care Medicine, vol.32, issue.1, pp.113-119, 2004.
DOI : 10.1097/01.CCM.0000104114.72614.BC

S. Morange and A. Roch, Neuromuscular blockers in early acute respiratory distress syndrome

J. Kress, A. Pohlman, O. Connor, M. Hall, and J. , Daily Interruption of Sedative Infusions in Critically Ill Patients Undergoing Mechanical Ventilation, New England Journal of Medicine, vol.342, issue.20, pp.1471-1477, 2000.
DOI : 10.1056/NEJM200005183422002

T. Girard, J. Kress, B. Fuchs, J. Thomason, W. Schweickert et al., Efficacy and safety of a paired sedation and ventilator weaning protocol for mechanically ventilated patients in intensive care (Awakening and Breathing Controlled trial): a randomised controlled trial, The Lancet, vol.371, issue.9607, pp.126-134, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60105-1

A. Anzueto, Evolution of mechanical ventilation in response to clinical research, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, vol.177, pp.170-177, 2008.

J. Marini, T. Smith, and V. Lamb, External Work Output and Force Generation during Synchronized Intermittent Mechanical Ventilation: Effect of Machine Assistance on Breathing Effort, American Review of Respiratory Disease, vol.138, issue.5, pp.1169-1179, 1988.
DOI : 10.1164/ajrccm/138.5.1169

L. Brochard, A. Rauss, S. Benito, G. Conti, J. Mancebo et al., Comparison of three methods of gradual withdrawal from ventilatory support during weaning from mechanical ventilation., American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, vol.150, issue.4, pp.896-903, 1994.
DOI : 10.1164/ajrccm.150.4.7921460

A. Esteban, F. Frutos, M. Tobin, A. I. Solsona, J. Valverdu et al., A Comparison of Four Methods of Weaning Patients from Mechanical Ventilation, New England Journal of Medicine, vol.332, issue.6, pp.345-350, 1995.
DOI : 10.1056/NEJM199502093320601

E. Guffanti, L. Coco, A. Ambrosino, and N. , Comparison of two methods for weaning patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease requiring mechanical ventilation for more than 15 days, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, vol.164, pp.225-230, 2001.

F. Lellouche, J. Mancebo, P. Jolliet, J. Roeseler, F. Schortgen et al., A Multicenter Randomized Trial of Computer-driven Protocolized Weaning from Mechanical Ventilation, American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, vol.174, issue.8, pp.894-900, 2006.
DOI : 10.1164/rccm.200511-1780OC

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-00388976

P. Aslanian, E. Atrous, S. Isabey, D. Valente, E. Corsi et al., Effects of Flow Triggering on Breathing Effort During Partial Ventilatory Support, American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, vol.157, issue.1, pp.135-143, 1998.
DOI : 10.1164/ajrccm.157.1.96-12052

J. Richard, A. Carlucci, L. Breton, N. Langlais, S. Jaber et al., Bench testing of pressure support ventilation with three different generations of ventilators, Intensive Care Medicine, vol.28, issue.8, pp.1049-1057, 2002.
DOI : 10.1007/s00134-002-1311-9

S. Parthasarathy, A. Jubran, and M. Tobin, Cycling of Inspiratory and Expiratory Muscle Groups with the Ventilator in Airflow Limitation, American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, vol.158, issue.5, pp.1471-1478, 1998.
DOI : 10.1164/ajrccm.158.5.9802014

P. Leung, A. Jubran, and M. Tobin, Comparison of assisted ventilator modes on triggering, patient effort, and dyspnea., American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, vol.155, issue.6, pp.1940-1948, 1997.
DOI : 10.1164/ajrccm.155.6.9196100

M. Tobin, A. Jubran, and F. Laghi, Patient???Ventilator Interaction, American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, vol.163, issue.5, pp.1059-1063, 2001.
DOI : 10.1164/ajrccm.163.5.2005125

E. Giannouli, K. Webster, D. Roberts, and M. Younes, Response of Ventilator-dependent Patients to Different Levels of Pressure Support and Proportional Assist, American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, vol.159, issue.6, pp.1716-1725, 1999.
DOI : 10.1164/ajrccm.159.6.9704025

M. Vitacca, L. Barbano, D. Anna, S. Porta, R. Bianchi et al., Comparison of Five Bilevel Pressure Ventilators in Patients with Chronic Ventilatory Failure, Chest, vol.122, issue.6, pp.2105-2114, 2002.
DOI : 10.1378/chest.122.6.2105

D. Georgopoulos, G. Prinianakis, and E. Kondili, Bedside waveforms interpretation as a tool to identify patient-ventilator asynchronies, Intensive Care Medicine, vol.55, issue.1, pp.34-47, 2006.
DOI : 10.1007/s00134-005-2828-5

S. Nava, C. Bruschi, C. Fracchia, A. Braschi, and F. Rubini, Patient-ventilator interaction and inspiratory effort during pressure support ventilation in patients with different pathologies, European Respiratory Journal, vol.10, issue.1, pp.177-183, 1997.
DOI : 10.1183/09031936.97.10010177

M. Lessard, F. Lofaso, and L. Brochard, Expiratory muscle activity increases intrinsic positive end-expiratory pressure independently of dynamic hyperinflation in mechanically ventilated patients., American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, vol.151, issue.2, pp.562-569, 1995.
DOI : 10.1164/ajrccm.151.2.7842221

G. Conti, G. Cinnella, E. Barboni, F. Lemaire, A. Harf et al., Estimation of occlusion pressure during assisted ventilation in patients with intrinsic PEEP., American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, vol.154, issue.4, pp.907-912, 1996.
DOI : 10.1164/ajrccm.154.4.8887584

J. Mancebo, P. Albaladejo, D. Touchard, E. Bak, M. Subirana et al., Airway Occlusion Pressure to Titrate Positive End-expiratory Pressure in Patients with Dynamic Hyperinflation, Anesthesiology, vol.93, issue.1, pp.81-90, 2000.
DOI : 10.1097/00000542-200007000-00016

K. Berger, I. Sorkin, R. Norman, D. Rapoport, and R. Goldring, Mechanism of Relief of Tachypnea During Pressure Support Ventilation, Chest, vol.109, issue.5, pp.1320-1327, 1996.
DOI : 10.1378/chest.109.5.1320

C. Sassoon, C. Mahutte, T. Te, D. Simmons, and R. Light, Work of Breathing and Airway Occlusion Pressure during Assist-Mode Mechanical Ventilation, Chest, vol.93, issue.3, pp.571-576, 1988.
DOI : 10.1378/chest.93.3.571

G. Foti, M. Cereda, G. Banfi, P. Pelosi, R. Fumagalli et al., End-Inspiratory Airway Occlusion, American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, vol.156, issue.4, pp.1210-1216, 1997.
DOI : 10.1164/ajrccm.156.4.96-02031

A. Cooper, K. Thornley, G. Young, A. Slutsky, T. Stewart et al., Sleep in Critically Ill Patients Requiring Mechanical Ventilation, Chest, vol.117, issue.3, pp.809-818, 2000.
DOI : 10.1378/chest.117.3.809

S. Parthasarathy and M. Tobin, Effect of Ventilator Mode on Sleep Quality in Critically Ill Patients, American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, vol.166, issue.11, pp.1423-1429, 2002.
DOI : 10.1164/rccm.200209-999OC

J. Gabor, A. Cooper, S. Crombach, B. Lee, N. Kadikar et al., Contribution of the Intensive Care Unit Environment to Sleep Disruption in Mechanically Ventilated Patients and Healthy Subjects, American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, vol.167, issue.5, pp.708-715, 2003.
DOI : 10.1164/rccm.2201090

K. Hardin, M. Seyal, T. Stewart, and H. Bonekat, Sleep in Critically Ill Chemically Paralyzed Patients Requiring Mechanical Ventilation, Chest, vol.129, issue.6, pp.1468-1477, 2006.
DOI : 10.1378/chest.129.6.1468

J. Aurell and D. Elmqvist, Sleep in the Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Survey of Anesthesiology, vol.30, issue.2, pp.1029-1032, 1985.
DOI : 10.1097/00132586-198604000-00037

J. Beecroft, M. Ward, M. Younes, S. Crombach, O. Smith et al., Sleep monitoring in the intensive care unit: comparison of nurse assessment, actigraphy and polysomnography, Intensive Care Medicine, vol.27, issue.11, pp.2076-2083, 2008.
DOI : 10.1007/s00134-008-1180-y

N. Freedman, J. Gazendam, L. Levan, A. Pack, and R. Schwab, Abnormal Sleep/Wake Cycles and the Effect of Environmental Noise on Sleep Disruption in the Intensive Care Unit, American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, vol.163, issue.2, pp.451-457, 2001.
DOI : 10.1164/ajrccm.163.2.9912128

R. Bourne and G. Mills, Sleep disruption in critically ill patients ? pharmacological considerations, Anaesthesia, vol.19, issue.4, pp.374-384, 2004.
DOI : 10.1001/archinte.159.20.2456

S. Parthasarathy and M. Tobin, Is sleep disruption related to severity of critical illness?, 2003.

P. Sebel, J. Bovill, A. Wauquier, and R. P. , Effects of High-dose Fentanyl Anesthesia on the Electroencephalogram, Anesthesiology, vol.55, issue.3, pp.203-211, 1981.
DOI : 10.1097/00000542-198109000-00004

S. Meza, M. Mendez, M. Ostrowski, and M. Younes, Susceptibility to periodic breathing with assisted ventilation during sleep in normal subjects, J Appl Physiol, vol.85, pp.1929-1940, 1998.

C. Alexopoulou, E. Kondili, E. Vakouti, M. Klimathianaki, G. Prinianakis et al., Sleep during proportional-assist ventilation with load-adjustable gain factors in critically ill patients, Intensive Care Medicine, vol.159, issue.7, pp.1139-1147, 2007.
DOI : 10.1007/s00134-007-0630-2

M. Naughton and T. Bradley, SLEEP APNEA IN CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE, Clinics in Chest Medicine, vol.19, issue.1, pp.99-113, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S0272-5231(05)70435-4

F. Fanfulla, A. Taurino, N. Lupo, R. Trentin, D. Ambrosio et al., Effect of sleep on patient/ventilator asynchrony in patients undergoing chronic non-invasive mechanical ventilation, Respiratory Medicine, vol.101, issue.8, pp.1702-1707, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.rmed.2007.02.026

F. Fanfulla, M. Delmastro, A. Berardinelli, N. Lupo, and S. Nava, Effects of Different Ventilator Settings on Sleep and Inspiratory Effort in Patients with Neuromuscular Disease, American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, vol.172, issue.5, pp.619-624, 2005.
DOI : 10.1164/rccm.200406-694OC

D. Chao, D. Scheinhorn, and M. Stearn-hassenpflug, Patient-Ventilator Trigger Asynchrony in Prolonged Mechanical Ventilation, Chest, vol.112, issue.6, pp.1592-1599, 1997.
DOI : 10.1378/chest.112.6.1592

S. Nava, C. Bruschi, F. Rubini, A. Palo, G. Iotti et al., Respiratory response and inspiratory effort during pressure support ventilation in COPD patients, Intensive Care Medicine, vol.69, issue.11, pp.871-879, 1995.
DOI : 10.1007/BF01712327

K. Mccully and J. Faulkner, Characteristics of lengthening contractions associated with injury to skeletal muscle fibers, J Appl Physiol, vol.61, pp.293-299, 1986.

K. Hunter and J. Faulkner, Pliometric contraction-induced injury of mouse skeletal muscle: effect of initial length, J Appl Physiol, vol.82, pp.278-283, 1997.

A. Purro, L. Appendini, D. Gaetano, A. Gudjonsdottir, M. Donner et al., Physiologic Determinants of Ventilator Dependence in Long-term Mechanically Ventilated Patients, American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, vol.161, issue.4, pp.1115-1123, 2000.
DOI : 10.1164/ajrccm.161.4.9812160

K. Bosma, G. Ferreyra, C. Ambrogio, D. Pasero, L. Mirabella et al., Patient-ventilator interaction and sleep in mechanically ventilated patients: Pressure support versus proportional assist ventilation*, Critical Care Medicine, vol.35, issue.4, pp.1048-1054, 2007.
DOI : 10.1097/01.CCM.0000260055.64235.7C

A. Baydur, P. Behrakis, W. Zin, M. Jaeger, and J. Milic-emili, A simple method for assessing the validity of the esophageal balloon technique, Am Rev Respir Dis, vol.126, pp.788-791, 1982.

C. Sassoon, R. Light, R. Lodia, G. Sieck, and C. Mahutte, Pressure-Time Product during Continuous Positive Airway Pressure, Pressure Support Ventilation, and T-Piece during Weaning from Mechanical Ventilation, American Review of Respiratory Disease, vol.143, issue.3, pp.469-475, 1991.
DOI : 10.1164/ajrccm/143.3.469

A. Rechtschaffen and A. Kales, A Manual of Standardized Terminology, Techniques and Scoring System for Sleep Stages of Human Subjects, Public Health Service, 1968.

B. Sanchez and J. Canovas-robles, Noninvasive pressure support versus proportional assist ventilation in acute respiratory failure, Intensive Care Med, vol.29, pp.1126-1133, 2003.

A. Xie, B. Wong, E. Phillipson, A. Slutsky, and T. Bradley, Interaction of hyperventilation and arousal in the pathogenesis of idiopathic central sleep apnea., American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, vol.150, issue.2, pp.489-495, 1994.
DOI : 10.1164/ajrccm.150.2.8049835

J. Trinder, R. Merson, J. Rosenberg, F. Fitzgerald, J. Kleiman et al., Pathophysiological Interactions of Ventilation, Arousals, and Blood Pressure Oscillations during Cheyne???Stokes Respiration in Patients with Heart Failure, American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, vol.162, issue.3, pp.808-813, 2000.
DOI : 10.1164/ajrccm.162.3.9806080

N. Deye, F. Lellouche, S. Maggiore, S. Taille, F. Lefrançàis et al., Influence of body posture on the effort to breathe in mechanically ventilated patients, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, vol.165, p.788, 2002.

L. Gall, J. Lemeshow, S. Saulnier, and F. , A New Simplified Acute Physiology Score (SAPS II) Based on a European/North American Multicenter Study, JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association, vol.270, issue.24, pp.2957-2963, 1993.
DOI : 10.1001/jama.1993.03510240069035

J. Vincent, R. Moreno, J. Takala, S. Willatts, D. Mendonca et al., The SOFA (Sepsis-related Organ Failure Assessment) score to describe organ dysfunction/failure, Intensive Care Medicine, vol.21, issue.7, 1996.
DOI : 10.1007/BF01709751

S. Javaheri and H. Kazemi, Metabolic Alkalosis and Hypoventilation in Humans, American Review of Respiratory Disease, vol.136, issue.4, pp.1011-1016, 1987.
DOI : 10.1164/ajrccm/136.4.1011

A. Jubran, B. Grant, F. Laghi, S. Parthasarathy, and M. Tobin, Weaning Prediction, American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, vol.171, issue.11, 2005.
DOI : 10.1164/rccm.200503-356OC

C. Apezteguia, P. Nightingale, A. Arroliga, and M. Tobin, Characteristics and outcomes in adult patients receiving mechanical ventilation: a 28-day international study, Jama, vol.287, pp.345-355, 2002.

A. Thille, P. Rodriguez, B. Cabello, F. Lellouche, and L. Brochard, Patient-ventilator asynchrony during assisted mechanical ventilation, Intensive Care Medicine, vol.28, issue.10, pp.1515-1522, 2006.
DOI : 10.1007/s00134-006-0301-8

L. Brochard, A. Harf, H. Lorino, and F. Lemaire, Inspiratory Pressure Support Prevents Diaphragmatic Fatigue during Weaning from Mechanical Ventilation, American Review of Respiratory Disease, vol.139, issue.2, pp.513-521, 1989.
DOI : 10.1164/ajrccm/139.2.513

A. Jubran, W. Van-de-graaff, and M. Tobin, Variability of patient-ventilator interaction with pressure support ventilation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease., American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, vol.152, issue.1, pp.129-136, 1995.
DOI : 10.1164/ajrccm.152.1.7599811

H. Nakayama, C. Smith, J. Rodman, J. Skatrud, and J. Dempsey, Effect of Ventilatory Drive on Carbon Dioxide Sensitivity below Eupnea during Sleep, American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, vol.165, issue.9, pp.1251-1260, 2002.
DOI : 10.1164/rccm.2110041

A. Thille, B. Cabello, F. Galia, A. Lyazidi, and L. Brochard, Reduction of patient-ventilator asynchrony by reducing tidal volume during pressure-support ventilation, Intensive Care Medicine, vol.161, issue.8, pp.1477-1486, 2008.
DOI : 10.1007/s00134-008-1121-9

M. Dojat, S. Miksch, and J. Hunter, Knowledge-based information management in intensive care and anesthesia, Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, vol.19, issue.3, pp.185-187, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0933-3657(00)00044-0

M. Dojat, A. Harf, D. Touchard, F. Lemaire, and L. Brochard, Clinical Evaluation of a Computer-controlled Pressure Support Mode, American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, vol.161, issue.4, pp.1161-1166, 2000.
DOI : 10.1164/ajrccm.161.4.9904064

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-00402420

L. Bouadma, F. Lellouche, B. Cabello, S. Taille, J. Mancebo et al., Computer-driven management of prolonged mechanical ventilation and weaning: a pilot study, Intensive Care Medicine, vol.153, issue.10, pp.1446-1450, 2005.
DOI : 10.1007/s00134-005-2766-2

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-00391138

B. Toublanc, D. Rose, J. Glerant, G. Francois, I. Mayeux et al., Assist-control ventilation vs. low levels of pressure support ventilation on sleep quality in intubated ICU patients, Intensive Care Medicine, vol.155, issue.7, pp.1148-1154, 2007.
DOI : 10.1007/s00134-007-0659-2

R. Leung and T. Bradley, Sleep Apnea and Cardiovascular Disease, American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, vol.164, issue.12, pp.2147-2165, 2001.
DOI : 10.1164/ajrccm.164.12.2107045

C. Guilleminault, M. Partinen, M. Quera-salva, B. Hayes, W. Dement et al., Determinants of Daytime Sleepiness in Obstructive Sleep Apnea, Chest, vol.94, issue.1, pp.32-37, 1988.
DOI : 10.1378/chest.94.1.32

E. Spath-schwalbe, M. Gofferje, W. Kern, J. Born, and H. Fehm, Sleep disruption alters nocturnal ACTH and cortisol secretory patterns, Biological Psychiatry, vol.29, issue.6, pp.575-584, 1991.
DOI : 10.1016/0006-3223(91)90093-2

D. Brooks, R. Horner, R. Kimoff, L. Kozar, C. Render-teixeira et al., Effect of obstructive sleep apnea versus sleep fragmentation on responses to airway occlusion., American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, vol.155, issue.5, 1997.
DOI : 10.1164/ajrccm.155.5.9154865

P. Jolliet, Performance characteristics of five new anesthesia ventilators and four intensive care ventilators in pressure-support mode: a comparative bench study, 2006.

A. Battisti, D. Tassaux, J. Janssens, J. Michotte, S. Jaber et al., Performance Characteristics of 10 Home Mechanical Ventilators in Pressure-Support Mode, Chest, vol.127, issue.5, pp.1784-1792, 2005.
DOI : 10.1378/chest.127.5.1784

T. Bunburaphong, H. Imanaka, M. Nishimura, D. Hess, and R. Kacmarek, Performance Characteristics of Bilevel Pressure Ventilators, Chest, vol.111, issue.4, pp.1050-1060, 1997.
DOI : 10.1378/chest.111.4.1050

J. Ferreira, D. Chipman, and R. Kacmarek, Trigger performance of mid-level ICU mechanical ventilators during assisted ventilation: a bench study, Intensive Care Medicine, vol.153, issue.9, pp.1669-1675, 2008.
DOI : 10.1007/s00134-008-1125-5

R. Branson, R. Campbell, K. Davis, J. Johnson, and D. , Comparison of Pressure and Flow Triggering Systems During Continuous Positive Airway Pressure, Chest, vol.106, issue.2, pp.540-544, 1994.
DOI : 10.1378/chest.106.2.540

C. Sassoon and S. Gruer, Characteristics of the ventilator pressure-and flow-trigger variables, Intensive Care Medicine, vol.35, issue.2, pp.159-168, 1995.
DOI : 10.1007/BF01726540

R. Giuliani, L. Mascia, F. Recchia, A. Caracciolo, T. Fiore et al., Patient-ventilator interaction during synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation. Effects of flow triggering., American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, vol.151, issue.1, pp.1-9, 1995.
DOI : 10.1164/ajrccm.151.1.7812537

V. Ranieri, L. Mascia, V. Petruzzelli, F. Bruno, A. Brienza et al., Inspiratory effort and measurement of dynamic intrinsic PEEP in COPD patients: Effects of ventilator triggering systems, Intensive Care Medicine, vol.5, issue.11, pp.896-903, 1995.
DOI : 10.1007/BF01712330

E. Miyoshi, Y. Fujino, T. Mashimo, and M. Nishimura, Performance of Transport Ventilator With Patient-Triggered Ventilation, Chest, vol.118, issue.4, pp.1109-1115, 2000.
DOI : 10.1378/chest.118.4.1109

G. Zanetta, D. Robert, and C. Guerin, Evaluation of ventilators used during transport of ICU patients ??? a bench study, Intensive Care Medicine, vol.28, issue.4, pp.443-451, 2002.
DOI : 10.1007/s00134-002-1242-5

B. Cabello, A. Thille, X. Drouot, F. Galia, J. Mancebo et al., Sleep quality in mechanically ventilated patients: Comparison of three ventilatory modes, Critical Care Medicine, vol.36, issue.6, pp.1749-1755, 2008.
DOI : 10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181743f41

A. Thille, A. Lyazidi, J. Richard, F. Galia, and L. Brochard, A bench study of intensive-care-unit ventilators: new versus old and turbine-based versus compressed gas-based ventilators, Intensive Care Medicine, vol.33, issue.8, pp.1368-1376, 2009.
DOI : 10.1007/s00134-009-1467-7

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-00408664

H. Manning, E. Molinary, and J. Leiter, Effect of Inspiratory Flow Rate on Respiratory Sensation and Pattern of Breathing, American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, vol.151, issue.3_pt_1, pp.751-757, 1995.
DOI : 10.1164/ajrccm/151.3_Pt_1.751

O. Gajic, F. Frutos-vivar, A. Esteban, R. Hubmayr, and A. Anzueto, Ventilator settings as a risk factor for acute respiratory distress syndrome in mechanically ventilated patients, Intensive Care Medicine, vol.32, issue.7, pp.922-926, 2005.
DOI : 10.1007/s00134-005-2625-1

L. Appendini, A. Purro, A. Patessio, S. Zanaboni, M. Carone et al., Partitioning of inspiratory muscle workload and pressure assistance in ventilator-dependent COPD patients., American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, vol.154, issue.5, pp.1301-1309, 1996.
DOI : 10.1164/ajrccm.154.5.8912740

T. Smith and J. Marini, Impact of PEEP on lung mechanics and work of breathing in severe airflow obstruction, Journal of Critical Care, vol.4, issue.3, pp.1488-1499, 1988.
DOI : 10.1016/0883-9441(89)90021-X

N. Macintyre, K. Cheng, and R. Mcconnell, Applied PEEP During Pressure Support Reduces the Inspiratory Threshold Load of Intrinsic PEEP, Chest, vol.111, issue.1, pp.188-193, 1997.
DOI : 10.1378/chest.111.1.188

S. Gottfried and A. Brienza, Physiologic effects of positive end-expiratory pressure in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease during acute ventilatory failure and controlled mechanical ventilation, Am Rev Respir Dis, vol.147, pp.5-13, 1993.

C. Straus, B. Louis, D. Isabey, F. Lemaire, A. Harf et al., Contribution of the Endotracheal Tube and the Upper Airway to Breathing Workload, American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, vol.157, issue.1, pp.23-30, 1998.
DOI : 10.1164/ajrccm.157.1.96-10057

J. Diehl, E. Atrous, S. Touchard, D. Lemaire, F. Brochard et al., Changes in the Work of Breathing Induced by Tracheotomy in Ventilator-dependent Patients, American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, vol.159, issue.2, pp.383-388, 1999.
DOI : 10.1164/ajrccm.159.2.9707046

D. Tassaux, M. Gainnier, A. Battisti, and P. Jolliet, Helium-oxygen decreases inspiratory effort and work of breathing during pressure support in intubated patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Intensive Care Medicine, vol.31, issue.11, pp.1501-1507, 2005.
DOI : 10.1007/s00134-005-2796-9

M. Younes, L. Brochard, S. Grasso, J. Kun, J. Mancebo et al., A method for monitoring and improving patient: ventilator interaction, Intensive Care Medicine, vol.166, issue.8, pp.1337-1346, 2007.
DOI : 10.1007/s00134-007-0681-4

C. Chen, W. Lin, C. Hsu, K. Cheng, and C. Lo, Detecting ineffective triggering in the expiratory phase in mechanically ventilated patients based on airway flow and pressure deflection: Feasibility of using a computer algorithm*, Critical Care Medicine, vol.36, issue.2, pp.455-461, 2008.
DOI : 10.1097/01.CCM.0000299734.34469.D9

Q. Mulqueeny, S. Redmond, D. Tassaux, L. Vignaux, P. Jolliet et al., Automated detection of asynchrony in patient-ventilator interaction, 2009 Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, pp.5324-5327, 2009.
DOI : 10.1109/IEMBS.2009.5332684

T. Fiore and A. Brienza, Patient-ventilator interaction during acute hypercapnia: pressuresupport vs. proportional-assist ventilation, J Appl Physiol, vol.81, pp.426-436, 1996.

S. Grasso, F. Puntillo, L. Mascia, G. Ancona, T. Fiore et al., Compensation for Increase in Respiratory Workload during Mechanical Ventilation, American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, vol.161, issue.3, 2000.
DOI : 10.1164/ajrccm.161.3.9902065

M. Younes, K. Webster, J. Kun, D. Roberts, and B. Masiowski, A Method for Measuring Passive Elastance during Proportional Assist Ventilation, American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, vol.164, issue.1, pp.50-60, 2001.
DOI : 10.1164/ajrccm.164.1.2010068

M. Younes, J. Kun, B. Masiowski, K. Webster, and D. Roberts, A Method for Noninvasive Determination of Inspiratory Resistance during Proportional Assist Ventilation, American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, vol.163, issue.4, pp.829-839, 2001.
DOI : 10.1164/ajrccm.163.4.2005063

N. Xirouchaki, E. Kondili, K. Vaporidi, G. Xirouchakis, M. Klimathianaki et al., Proportional assist ventilation with load-adjustable gain factors in critically ill patients: comparison with pressure support, Intensive Care Medicine, vol.25, issue.11, 2008.
DOI : 10.1007/s00134-008-1209-2

J. Spahija, J. Beck, M. De-marchie, A. Comtois, and C. Sinderby, Closed-Loop Control of Respiratory Drive Using Pressure-Support Ventilation, American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, vol.171, issue.9, pp.1009-1014, 2005.
DOI : 10.1164/rccm.200407-856OC

M. Schmidt, A. Demoule, C. Cracco, A. Gharbi, M. Fiamma et al., Neurally Adjusted Ventilatory Assist Increases Respiratory Variability and Complexity in Acute Respiratory Failure, Anesthesiology, vol.112, issue.3, pp.670-681
DOI : 10.1097/ALN.0b013e3181cea375

D. Colombo, G. Cammarota, V. Bergamaschi, D. Lucia, M. Corte et al., Physiologic response to varying levels of pressure support and neurally adjusted ventilatory assist in patients with acute respiratory failure, Intensive Care Medicine, vol.27, issue.11, pp.2010-2018, 2008.
DOI : 10.1007/s00134-008-1208-3

J. Spahija, M. De-marchie, M. Albert, P. Bellemare, S. Delisle et al., Patient-ventilator interaction during pressure support ventilation and neurally adjusted ventilatory assist*, Critical Care Medicine, vol.38, issue.2, pp.518-526
DOI : 10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181cb0d7b

D. Cheyron and F. Lofaso, Neurally adjusted ventilatory assist in patients recovering spontaneous breathing after acute respiratory distress syndrome: physiological evaluation, Crit Care Med, vol.38, pp.1830-1837