approche développée permet d'évaluer les possibilités de remplissage pour les caractéristiques d'un réseau et d'un métal données. A ce niveau, l'amélioration des prévisions passe par l'élaboration de modèles semi-analytiques ou numériques couplés (mécanique des fluides / thermique) comme il a pu être fait pour les MMC's. Mais pour ces modèles ,
Wettability and corrosion of TiN, TiN???BN and TiN-AlN by liquid steel, Journal of the European Ceramic Society, vol.21, issue.3, pp.277-282, 2001. ,
DOI : 10.1016/S0955-2219(00)00190-4
Compressive and tensile behaviour of aluminum foams, Compressive and tensile behaviour of aluminium foams, pp.113-124, 1999. ,
DOI : 10.1016/S0921-5093(99)00170-7
Foamability of Particle Reinforced Aluminum Melt, Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik, vol.21, issue.1, pp.22-29, 2003. ,
DOI : 10.1002/mawe.200390011
The Role of Oxidation in Blowing Particle-Stabilised Aluminium Foams, Advanced Engineering Materials, vol.6, issue.6, pp.421-428, 2004. ,
DOI : 10.1002/adem.200405144
« Metal foams ? high temperature colloids », Colloids and Surfaces A : Physicochemical Engineering Aspects, pp.261-123, 2005. ,
« Production methods for metallic foams ,
« Manufacturing routes for metallic foams, JOM, issue.#12, pp.52-74, 2000. ,
« Cost effective production techniques for the manufacture of aluminium foams, pp.491-496, 2000. ,
Manufacture, characterisation and application of cellular metals and metal foams, Progress in Materials Science, pp.539-632, 2001. ,
DOI : 10.1016/S0079-6425(00)00002-5
Nijhof, « Real-time X-ray investigation of aluminium foam sandwich production, Advanced Engineering Materials, vol.3, issue.#6, pp.407-411, 2001. ,
On the Road Again: Metal Foams Find Favor, Physics Today, vol.55, issue.7, pp.37-42, 2002. ,
DOI : 10.1063/1.1506749
Aluminium foams for lighter vehicles, International Journal of Vehicle Design, vol.37, issue.2/3, pp.2-3, 2005. ,
DOI : 10.1504/IJVD.2005.006640
Metal Foams: Production and Stability, Metal foams : production and stability, pp.781-794, 2006. ,
DOI : 10.1002/adem.200600071
« Comportement de l'hydrogène dans l'acier moulé, pp.183-131, 1961. ,
Aluminium foams for transport industry, Materials & Design, vol.18, issue.4-6, pp.217-220, 1997. ,
DOI : 10.1016/S0261-3069(97)00050-2
« Density gradient effects on aluminium foam compression behaviour, Journal of Materials Science, vol.32, issue.13, pp.3595-3600, 1997. ,
DOI : 10.1023/A:1018670111305
Produits de moulage et de noyautage en sable », Fonderie, Fondeur d'Aujourd'hui, pp.40-44, 2007. ,
Homogénéisation en mécanique des matériaux 1 ? Matériaux aléatoires élastiques et milieux périodiques, 2001. ,
Experimental and numerical analysis of the drainage of aluminium foams, Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter, vol.17, issue.41, pp.6353-6362, 2005. ,
DOI : 10.1088/0953-8984/17/41/006
A novel method for making open-cell aluminum foams with soft ceramic balls, Scripta Materialia, vol.46, issue.5, pp.379-382, 2002. ,
DOI : 10.1016/S1359-6462(01)01255-6
Analytic study of the temperature change in the flowing molten metal in sand casting, Journal of Engineering Physics and Thermophysics, vol.20, issue.#5, pp.619-623, 1971. ,
Control of Foaming of Al Alloy Melt., Control of foaming Al alloy melt, pp.597-600, 2000. ,
DOI : 10.2355/isijinternational.40.597
« Fabrication de mousses métalliques à cellules ouvertes ou fermées, par les voies de la fonderie, et applications de ces mousses », Fonderie Fondeur d'Aujourd'hui, pp.238-250, 2004. ,
Replication processing of highly porous materials, Advanced Engineering Materials, vol.8, issue.#9, pp.795-803, 2006. ,
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00148698
Metallic foam processing from the liquid state, The European Physical Journal Applied Physics, vol.14, issue.2, pp.87-96, 2001. ,
DOI : 10.1051/epjap:2001141
Numerical determination of initial and subsequent yield surfaces of open-celled model foams, International Journal of Solids and Structures, vol.44, issue.7-8, pp.2093-2108, 2007. ,
DOI : 10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2006.06.044
High strain rate compressive behaviour of aluminium alloy foams, International Journal of Impact Engineering, vol.24, issue.3, pp.277-298, 2000. ,
DOI : 10.1016/S0734-743X(99)00153-0
Collapse of truss core sandwich beams in 3-point bending, International Journal of Solids and Structures, vol.38, issue.36-37, pp.6275-6305, 2001. ,
DOI : 10.1016/S0020-7683(01)00103-2
« Caractérisation et simulation numérique du comportement mécanique des mousses de nickel : morphologie tridimensionnelle, réponse élastoplastique et rupture », thèse soutenue à l'Ecole Nationale, 2004. ,
Interaction of sintered powder metallic and cermet materials with molten stainless steel, Soviet Powder Metallurgy and Metal Ceramics, vol.28, issue.3, pp.253-257, 1987. ,
DOI : 10.1007/BF00797028
Method of producing metal foam », US Patent, p.289, 1956. ,
Calculation of solid-liquid-vapour contact angles for binary metallic systems, Scripta Metallurgica, vol.14, issue.12, pp.1291-1296, 1980. ,
DOI : 10.1016/0036-9748(80)90181-7
Device and process for producing metal foam, 2002. ,
« Fluidity of aluminium alloys : an experimental and quantitative evaluation », Transactions AFS, pp.61-111, 1961. ,
The Effect of Prior Deformation on the Foaming Behavior of ???FORMGRIP??? Precursor Material, Advanced Engineering Materials, vol.4, issue.10, pp.749-752, 2002. ,
DOI : 10.1002/1527-2648(20021014)4:10<749::AID-ADEM749>3.0.CO;2-E
« The role of the gas pressure on the foaming of metals following the PM-route, Proceedings of the 4 th International Conference on Porous metals and foaming technology Kyoto, 2005, éds. H. Nakajima, N. Kanetake, pp.129-132, 2005. ,
Recycling of MMCs and Production of Metallic Foams, Comprehensive Composite Materials, pp.797-820, 2000. ,
DOI : 10.1016/B0-08-042993-9/00205-9
The effect of capillarity-driven melt flow and size of particles in cell faces on metal foam structure evolution, Transactions of the JWRI, vol.30, pp.371-376, 2001. ,
Clyne, « Drainage of metallic foams : modelling and experimental observations, Proceedings of the 2 nd international Conference on Cellular Metals and Metal Foaming Technology, 2001. ,
Advances in the melt route production of closed cell aluminium foams using gas-generating agents, Proceedings of the Global Symposium on Materials Processing & Manufacturing, Processing and Properties of Lightweight Cellular Metals & Structures, pp.97-108, 2002. ,
The FOAMCARP process: foaming of aluminium MMCs by the chalk-aluminium reaction in precursors, Composites Science and Technology, vol.63, issue.16, pp.2301-2310, 2003. ,
DOI : 10.1016/S0266-3538(03)00263-X
Drainage in standing liquid metal foams: modelling and experimental observations, Acta Materialia, vol.52, issue.10, pp.3047-3058, 2004. ,
DOI : 10.1016/j.actamat.2004.03.007
« Oxygen probe mesurements in cast irons », Transactions AFS, pp.75-105, 1975. ,
On the stability of Kelvin cell foams under compressive loads, Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, vol.53, issue.4, pp.771-794, 2005. ,
DOI : 10.1016/j.jmps.2004.10.007
Why are metal foams stable?, Applied Physics Letters, vol.89, issue.15, pp.1-3, 2006. ,
DOI : 10.1063/1.2357931
URL : http://www.helmholtz-berlin.de/pubbin/oai_publication?VT=1&ID=15232
Compressive deformation and energy absorbing characteristic of foamed metal, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions, pp.29-2497, 1998. ,
Transition from creeping via viscous-inertial to turbulent flow in fixed beds, Journal of Chromatography A, vol.1126, issue.1-2, pp.70-85, 2006. ,
DOI : 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.06.011
« Flow Modeling in Negative-Pressure Infiltration Casting Process of aluminium Open-Cell Fabrication, Materials Science Forum, pp.439-200, 2003. ,
Fabrication of Lotus-Structured Porous Iron by Unidirectional Solidification under Nitrogen Gas, Advanced Engineering Materials, vol.4, issue.10, pp.741-744, 2002. ,
DOI : 10.1002/1527-2648(20021014)4:10<741::AID-ADEM741>3.0.CO;2-9
Fabrication of lotus-type porous stainless steel by continuous zone melting technique and mechanical property, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions, pp.36-37, 2005. ,
DOI : 10.1007/s11661-005-0140-1
Aluminum Foam Stabilization by Solid Particles, Aluminium foam stabilization by solid particles, pp.81-92, 1999. ,
DOI : 10.1039/qr9591300071
« Interfacial criteria for stabilzation of liquid foams by solid particles, Colloids and Surfaces, pp.230-67, 2004. ,
The blowing agent from Degussa for the innovative Combal ® light metal foam », présentation de produit faite lors de la journée « Degussa for automotive Innovation Day, 2004. ,
Processing of Intermetallic Foam by Combustion Reaction, Advanced Engineering Materials, vol.4, issue.10, pp.745-747, 2002. ,
DOI : 10.1002/1527-2648(20021014)4:10<745::AID-ADEM745>3.0.CO;2-U
Processing of Metal Foams???Challenges and Opportunities, Advanced Engineering Materials, vol.2, issue.4, pp.159-165, 2000. ,
DOI : 10.1002/(SICI)1527-2648(200004)2:4<159::AID-ADEM159>3.0.CO;2-O
Endogenous Particle Stabilization During Magnesium Integral Foam Production, Endogenous particle stabilization during magnesium integral foam production, pp.385-390, 2004. ,
DOI : 10.1002/adem.200405147
Foam formation mechanisms in particle suspensions applied to metal foams, Materials Science and Engineering: A, vol.495, issue.1-2, 2008. ,
DOI : 10.1016/j.msea.2007.09.089
Adkins, « Development of steel foam materials and structures », Technology Roadmap Program 9913, Final Report, issue.07 ,
« Strenght of open-cell 6101 aluminium foams under free and constrained compression, Materials Science and Engineering, pp.452-453, 2007. ,
Method of making porous metallic article », US Patent, p.706, 1966. ,
Fabrication of lotus-type porous carbon steel by the continuous zone melting method and its mechanical properties, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions, pp.37-43, 2006. ,
DOI : 10.1007/s11661-006-0009-y
« Representative unit-cell models for opencell metal foams with or without elastic filler, Materials Science and Engineering, pp.343-63, 2003. ,
Properties of heat-treated aluminium foams, Materials Science and Engineering: A, vol.349, issue.1-2, pp.349-98, 2003. ,
DOI : 10.1016/S0921-5093(02)00582-8
Development of a Foaming Process for Particulate Reinforced Aluminum Melts, Advanced Engineering Materials, vol.4, issue.10, pp.735-740, 2002. ,
DOI : 10.1002/1527-2648(20021014)4:10<735::AID-ADEM735>3.0.CO;2-Y
Experimental and theorical modeling of DNAPL transport in fractured vertical media », thesis submitted at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2003. ,
Cellular structure controllable aluminium foams produced by high pressure infiltration process, Scripta Materialia, vol.41, issue.7, pp.785-789, 1999. ,
DOI : 10.1016/S1359-6462(99)00219-5
Modeling of infiltration kinetics for liquid metal processing of composites, Metallurgical Transactions B, vol.73, issue.1, pp.19-95, 1988. ,
DOI : 10.1007/BF02666495
« The infiltration of aluminium into silicon carbide compacts, Metallurgical Transactions, pp.21-475 ,
Infiltration processing of fibre reinforced composites: governing phenomena, Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, vol.32, issue.8, pp.981-996, 2001. ,
DOI : 10.1016/S1359-835X(01)00015-X
Equations for the Calculation of the Thermo-physical Properties of Stainless Steel, Equations for calculation of the thermophysical properties of stainless steel, pp.1661-1668, 2004. ,
DOI : 10.2355/isijinternational.44.1661
The high strain mechanical response of the wet Kelvin model for open-cell foams, International Journal of Solids and Structures, vol.44, issue.1, pp.51-65, 2007. ,
DOI : 10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2006.04.014
ALPORAS Aluminum Foam: Production Process, Properties, and Applications, Advanced Engineering Materials, vol.2, issue.4, pp.179-183, 2000. ,
DOI : 10.1002/(SICI)1527-2648(200004)2:4<179::AID-ADEM179>3.0.CO;2-G
Infiltration of fibrous preforms by a pure metal: Part I. Theory, Metallurgical Transactions A, vol.20, issue.5, pp.20-2535, 1989. ,
DOI : 10.1007/BF02666688
Yelshin, « Tortuosity in bioseparations and its application to food processes, Proceedins of the 2 nd European Symposium on Biochemical Engineering Science, pp.93-98, 1998. ,
Fabrication of Lotus-type Porous Metals and their Physical Properties, Advanced Engineering Materials, vol.6, issue.6, pp.377-384, 2004. ,
DOI : 10.1002/adem.200405149
Application of theory in understanding fluidity of metals », Transactions AFS, pp.59-99, 1959. ,
« Effect of cell morphology on the compressive properties of open-cell aluminium foams, Materials Science and Engineering, pp.283-105, 2000. ,
Deformation and fracture of aluminium foams, Materials Science and Engineering: A, vol.291, issue.1-2, pp.291-136, 2000. ,
DOI : 10.1016/S0921-5093(00)00954-0
PM synthesis and properties of steel foams, Materials Science and Engineering: A, vol.288, issue.1, pp.288-111, 2000. ,
DOI : 10.1016/S0921-5093(00)00761-9
« Strain rate sensivity of a closed-cell aluminium foam, Materials Science and Engineering, pp.281-282, 2000. ,
Experimental Studies on Al2O3 Inclusion Removal from Steel Melts Using Ceramic Filters., ISIJ International, vol.35, issue.4, pp.380-388, 1995. ,
DOI : 10.2355/isijinternational.35.380
Wetting of metallic carbides by liquid copper, nickel and iron, International Journal of Powder Metallurgy, vol.1, issue.4, pp.2-21, 1965. ,
Triaxial compression of aluminium foams, Triaxial compression of aluminium foams, pp.1218-1234, 2007. ,
DOI : 10.1016/j.compscitech.2006.05.005
Deformation of open-cell aluminum foam, Acta Materialia, vol.49, issue.19, pp.3959-3969, 2001. ,
DOI : 10.1016/S1359-6454(01)00294-4
Jeancolas, « Temps de solidification de pièces élémentaires coulées en sable ? Coefficients de forme et calcul pratique des masselottes, pp.239-250, 1971. ,
« Method for manufacturing porous articles », US Patent, p.549, 1993. ,
Gasar???A new Class of Porous Materials, Advanced Engineering Materials, vol.6, issue.6, pp.407-410, 2004. ,
DOI : 10.1002/adem.200405148
Aufderheide, « A process for thin-wall sand casting, Transactions AFS, pp.567-578, 2003. ,
Aufderheide, « Getting to the core of thin-walled castings », Modern Casting, pp.94-126, 2004. ,
« Alulight ? Aluminium foam for lightweight construction, SAE 2000 World Congress, pp.31-38, 2000. ,
Capillary driven flow in circular cylindrical tubes, Capillary driven flow in circular cylindrical tubes, pp.2587-2601, 2003. ,
DOI : 10.1063/1.1596913
« Penetration of liquid steel in sand molds, part I : Physics ans chemistry of penetration and mathematical modeling ? metal side, Transactions AFS, pp.1-058, 2001. ,
Morphology of the eutectic in Fe-W-C alloys, Morphology of the eutectic in the Fe-W-C alloys, pp.3-6, 1972. ,
DOI : 10.1007/BF00658335
« Fillability of thin-wall steel castings », work supported by the US Energy Department of Energy under award n° DE-FC07-99ID13580, 2002. ,
Cellular Metals Manufacturing, Cellular metals manufacturing, pp.726-733, 2002. ,
DOI : 10.1002/1527-2648(20021014)4:10<726::AID-ADEM726>3.0.CO;2-Y
Thermodynamics of the Zr-H System, Thermodynamics of the Zr-H system », pp.3323-3328, 1995. ,
DOI : 10.1111/j.1151-2916.1995.tb07972.x
High Pressure Integral Foam Moulding of Aluminium ??? Process Technology, Advanced Engineering Materials, vol.282, issue.3, pp.171-178, 2008. ,
DOI : 10.1002/adem.200700267
Fabrication of fiber-reinforced metal-matrix composites by variable pressure infiltration, Metallurgical Transactions B, vol.20, issue.228, pp.23-295, 1992. ,
DOI : 10.1007/BF02656284
Fabrication of foamable precursors by powder compression and induction heating process, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B, vol.181, issue.2, pp.35-39, 2004. ,
DOI : 10.1007/s11663-004-0017-5
Desorption of hydrogen from blowing agents used for foaming metals, Composites Science and Technology, vol.63, issue.16, pp.2293-2300, 2003. ,
DOI : 10.1016/S0266-3538(03)00262-8
Dynamics of Capillary Rise, Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, vol.228, issue.2, pp.263-269, 2000. ,
DOI : 10.1006/jcis.2000.6951
« An investigation of the effects of heat-treatment on the strength of open-cell Al foams, Proceedings of the TMS 2002 Fall meeting, Mechanisms and Mechanics of Fracture : The John Knott Symposium, Colombus, pp.199-205, 2002. ,
Mechanisms and mechanics of compressive deformation in open-cell Al foams, Mechanics of Materials, vol.36, issue.8, pp.781-797, 2004. ,
DOI : 10.1016/j.mechmat.2003.05.004
Analysis of the elastic properties of open-cell foams with tetrakaidecahedral cells, Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, vol.45, issue.3, pp.319-343, 1997. ,
DOI : 10.1016/S0022-5096(96)00090-7