D. Andriafidison, R. A. Andrianaivoarivelo, and R. K. Jenkins, Records of tree roosting bats from western Madagascar, African Bat Conservation News, vol.8, pp.5-6, 2006.

R. A. Andrianaivoarivelo, O. R. Ramilijaona, and D. Andriafidison, Rousettus madagascariensis Grandidier 1929 feeding on Dimnocarpus longan in Madagascar, African Bat Conservation News, vol.11, pp.3-4, 2007.

R. A. Andrianaivoarivelo, O. R. Ramilijaona, P. A. Racey, N. Razafindrakoto, and R. K. Jenkins, Feeding ecology, habitat use and reproduction of Rousettus madagascariensis GrandidierChiroptera : Pteropodidae) in eastern Madagascar, Mammalia, vol.75, issue.1, pp.53-68, 1928.

P. J. Bates and D. L. Harrison, Bats of the Indian subcontinent, 1997.

W. Bergmans, Taxonomy and biogeography of African fruit bats (Mammalia, Megachiroptera). 4. The genus Rousettus Gray, Beaufortia, vol.44, pp.79-125, 1921.

A. Bollen and L. Van-elsacker, (Pteropodidae) in the Littoral Forest of Sainte Luce, SE Madagascar, Acta Chiropterologica, vol.4, issue.1, pp.33-47, 2002.
DOI : 10.3161/001.004.0105

A. Bollen, L. Van-elsacker, and J. U. Ganzhorn, Tree dispersal strategies in the littoral forest of Sainte Luce (SE-Madagascar), Oecologia, vol.139, issue.4, pp.604-616, 2004.
DOI : 10.1007/s00442-004-1544-0

S. G. Cardiff, F. H. Ratrimomanarivo, G. Rembert, and S. M. Goodman, Hunting, disturbance and roost persistence of bats in caves at Ankarana, northern Madagascar, African Journal of Ecology, vol.22, issue.4, pp.640-649, 2009.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-2028.2008.01015.x

M. K. Chandrashekaran and G. Marimuthu, A huge colony of the dog bat, Rousettus leschenaulti, South India, p.82, 1994.

D. J. Colgan and P. Da-costa, Megachiropteran evolution studied with 12S rDNA and c?mos DNA sequences, Journal of Mammalian Evolution, vol.9, issue.1/2, pp.3-22, 2002.
DOI : 10.1023/A:1021379627037

C. Cox and P. D. Moore, Biogeography: An Ecological and Evolutionary Approach., Systematic Botany, vol.2, issue.3, 1993.
DOI : 10.2307/2418264

S. Ducrocq, J. Jaeger, and B. Sigé, Un mégachiroptère dans l'Eocène supérieur de Thailande incidence dans la discussion phylogénetique du group, Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie Monatshefte, vol.9, pp.561-575, 1993.

J. Durbin, New legislation for the protection of Malagasy species, Lemur News, vol.11, pp.4-6, 2007.

?. Gautier, A. Hion, J. Duplantier, R. Quris, F. Feer et al., Fruit characters as a basis of fruit choice and seed dispersal in a tropical forest vertebrate community, Oecologia, vol.60, issue.3, pp.324-337, 1985.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00378906

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01359408

N. P. Giannini and N. B. Simmons, A phylogeny of megachiropteran bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera: Pteropodidae) based on direct optimization analysis of one nuclear and four mitochondrial genes, Cladistics, vol.19, issue.3, pp.496-511, 2003.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1096-0031.2003.tb00385.x

C. D. Golden, Bushmeat hunting and use in the Makira Forest, north-eastern Madagascar: a conservation and livelihoods issue, Oryx, vol.5, issue.03, pp.386-392, 2009.
DOI : 10.1017/S1367943004001532

S. M. Goodman, Notes on the bats of the Réserve Naturelle Intégrale d'Andohahela and surrounding areas of southeastern Madagascar. Fieldiana : Zoology, new series 94, pp.251-257, 1999.

S. M. Goodman, Les chauves?souris de Madagascar : Guide de leur distribution, biologie et identification. Association Vahatra, p.129, 2011.

K. B. Kofoky, A. F. Mbohoahy, T. Rakotondravony, D. Ranivo, J. Ratrimomanarivo et al., The distribution and conservation of bats in the dry regions of Madagascar, Animal Conservation, vol.8, pp.153-165, 2005.

S. M. Goodman and O. Griffiths, A case of exceptionally high predation levels of Rousettus madagascariensis by Tyto alba (Aves: Tytonidae) in western Madagascar, Acta Chiropterologica, vol.8, issue.2, pp.553-556, 2006.
DOI : 10.3161/1733-5329(2006)8[553:ACOEHP]2.0.CO;2

S. M. Goodman, L. M. Chan, M. Nowak, and A. D. Yoder, (Chiroptera: Pteropodidae), Journal of Mammalogy, vol.91, issue.3, pp.593-606, 2010.
DOI : 10.1644/09-MAMM-A-283.1

L. J. Hollar and M. S. Springer, Old World fruitbat phylogeny: Evidence for convergent evolution and an endemic African clade, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, pp.5716-5721, 1997.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.94.11.5716

URL : http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC20845

J. M. Hutcheon, Frugivory by Malagasy bats The natural history of Madagascar, pp.1205-1207, 2003.

J. C. Ingram and T. P. Dawson, Technical Note: Inter???annual analysis of deforestation hotspots in Madagascar from high temporal resolution satellite observations, International Journal of Remote Sensing, vol.22, issue.7, pp.1447-1461, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/S0034-4257(02)00051-2

R. K. Jenkins, A. F. Kofoky, R. J. Andriafidison, A. Siemers, B. M. Randrianandrianina et al., Ecology of bats in the southern Anosy Region, 2007.

R. K. Jenkins and P. A. Racey, Bats as bushmeat in Madagascar, Madagascar Conservation & Development, vol.3, issue.1, pp.22-30, 2008.
DOI : 10.4314/mcd.v3i1.44132

G. Jones and E. C. Teeling, The evolution of echolocation in bats, Trends in Ecology & Evolution, vol.21, issue.3, pp.149-156, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.tree.2006.01.001

J. B. Juste, Y. Álvarez, E. Tabares, ?. Garrido, A. Pertierra et al., Phylogeography of African fruitbats (Megachiroptera), Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, vol.13, pp.596-604, 1999.

J. A. Kirsch, T. F. Flannery, M. S. Springer, and F. J. Lapointe, Phylogeny of the Pteropodidae (Mammalia, Chiroptera) Based on Dna Hybridization, With Evidence for Bat Monophyly, Australian Journal of Zoology, vol.43, issue.4, pp.395-428, 1995.
DOI : 10.1071/ZO9950395

D. Kock, A new fruit bat of the genus Rousettus Gray 1821, from the Comoro Islands, western Indian Ocean (Mammalia : Chiroptera), Proceedings of the International Bat Research Conference, pp.205-216, 1978.

A. Kofoky, D. Andriafidison, F. Ratrimomanarivo, H. J. Razafimanahaka, D. Rakotondravony et al., Habitat Use, Roost Selection and Conservation of Bats in Tsingy De Bemaraha National Park, Madagascar, Biodiversity and Conservation, vol.77, issue.4, pp.1039-1053, 2007.
DOI : 10.1007/s10531-006-9059-0

G. G. Kwiecinski and T. A. Griffiths, Rousettus egyptiacus, Mammalian Species, vol.611, issue.611, pp.1-9, 1999.
DOI : 10.2307/3504411

E. Long, The feeding ecology of Pteropus rufus in a remnant gallery forest surrounded by sisal plantations in South?east Madagascar, pp.1-217, 2002.

E. Long and P. A. Racey, An exotic plantation crop as a keystone resource for an endemic megachiropteran, Pteropus rufus, in Madagascar, Journal of Tropical Ecology, vol.23, issue.04, pp.397-407, 2007.
DOI : 10.1017/S0266467407004178

S. Luft, E. Curio, and B. Tacud, The use of olfaction in the foraging behaviour of the golden? mantled flying fox, Pteropus pumilus and the greater musky fruit bat, Ptenochirus jagori (Megachiroptera : Pteropodidae), Naturwissenschaften, vol.90, pp.84-87, 2003.

J. L. Mackinnon, C. E. Hawkins, and P. A. Racey, Pteropodidae, fruit bats, 2003.

F. P. Mohres and E. Kulzer, Uber die Orientierungslaute der Flughunden (Chiroptera? Pteropodidae) Zeitschrift für vergleichende, Physiologie, vol.38, pp.1-29, 1956.

B. Müller, S. M. Goodman, and L. Peichl, Cone Photoreceptor Diversity in the Retinas of Fruit Bats (Megachiroptera), Brain, Behavior and Evolution, vol.70, issue.2, pp.90-104, 2007.
DOI : 10.1159/000102971

A. Novick, Orientation in paleotropical bats. I. Microchiroptera, Journal of Experimental Zoology, vol.1, issue.1, pp.81-154, 1958.
DOI : 10.1002/jez.1401380105

O. 'brien and J. , Bats of the western Indian Ocean Islands, Animals, vol.1, pp.259-290, 2011.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00539417

O. Connor, T. Riger, P. Jenkins, and R. K. , Promoting fruit bat conservation through education in Madagascar, International Zoo Educators Journal, vol.42, pp.26-33, 2006.

F. J. Ollivier, D. A. Samuelson, D. E. Brooks, P. A. Lewis, M. E. Kallberg et al., Comparative morphology of the tapetum lucidum (among selected species), Veterinary Ophthalmology, vol.158, issue.1, pp.11-22, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/0079-6107(72)90004-1

V. H. Rahaingodrahety, Ecologie et conservation de Pteropus rufus dans la Région de l'Anosy (cas des Communes Rurales d'Amboasary Sud et de Mahatalaky) Unpublished, 2007.

A. Rakotoarivelo and F. H. Randrianandrianina, A chiropteran survey of the lac Kinkony? Mahavavy area in western Madagascar, African Bat Conservation News, vol.12, pp.2-5, 2007.

A. R. Rakotoarivelo, J. H. Razafimanahaka, S. Rabesihanaka, J. P. Jones, and R. K. Jenkins, Lois et r??glements sur la faune sauvage ?? Madagascar : Progr??s accomplis et besoins du futur, Madagascar Conservation & Development, vol.6, issue.1, pp.37-44, 2011.
DOI : 10.4314/mcd.v6i1.68063

URL : http://doi.org/10.4314/mcd.v6i1.68063

E. N. Rakotonandrasana and S. M. Goodman, Bat inventories of the Madagascar offshore islands of Nosy Be, Nosy Komba and Ile Sainte?Marie, African Bat Conservation News, vol.12, pp.6-10, 2007.

E. Bernard, Vertical stratification of bat communities in primary forests of Central Amazon, Brazil, Journal of Tropical Ecology, vol.17, issue.1, pp.115-128, 2001.
DOI : 10.1017/S0266467401001079

A. Bollen and L. Van-elsacker, (Pteropodidae) in the Littoral Forest of Sainte Luce, SE Madagascar, Acta Chiropterologica, vol.4, issue.1, pp.33-47, 2002.
DOI : 10.3161/001.004.0105

A. Bollen, L. Van-elsacker, and J. U. Ganzhorn, Relations between fruits and disperser assemblages in a Malagasy littoral forest: a community-level approach, Journal of Tropical Ecology, vol.20, issue.06, pp.599-612, 2004.
DOI : 10.1017/S0266467404001853

E. R. Buchler, A Chemiluminescent Tag for Tracking Bats and Other Small Nocturnal Animals, Journal of Mammalogy, vol.57, issue.1, pp.173-176, 1976.
DOI : 10.2307/1379522

S. G. Cardiff, F. H. Ratrimomanarivo, G. Rember, and S. M. Goodman, Hunting, disturbance and roost persistence of bats in caves at Ankarana, northern Madagascar, African Journal of Ecology, vol.22, issue.4, 2009.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-2028.2008.01015.x

G. S. Cumming and R. T. Bernard, Rainfall, food abundance and timing of parturition in African bats, Oecologia, vol.111, issue.3, pp.309-317, 1997.
DOI : 10.1007/s004420050240

J. L. Dew and P. C. Wright, Frugivory and Seed Dispersal by Four Species of Primates in Madagascar's Eastern Rain Forest1, Biotropica, vol.16, issue.5, pp.425-437, 1998.
DOI : 10.1002/evan.1360010108

M. B. Fenton, L. Acharya, D. Audet, M. B. Hickey, C. Merriman et al., Phyllostomid Bats (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae) as Indicators of Habitat Disruption in the Neotropics, Biotropica, vol.24, issue.3, pp.440-446, 1992.
DOI : 10.2307/2388615

T. H. Fleming and V. J. Sosa, Effects of Nectarivorous and Frugivorous Mammals on Reproductive Success of Plants, Journal of Mammalogy, vol.75, issue.4, pp.845-851, 1994.
DOI : 10.2307/1382466

R. Ford, Negotiating conservation : reflections on linking, conservation and development in Madagascar, 1996.

S. M. Goodman, Notes on the bats of the Réserve Naturelle Intégrale d'Andohahela and surrounding areas of southeastern Madagascar, Field. Zool. N.S, vol.94, pp.251-257, 1999.

S. M. Goodman, J. U. Ganzhorn, and L. Wilmé, Observations at a Ficus Tree in Malagasy Humid Forest1, Biotropica, vol.14, issue.4, pp.480-488, 1997.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.es.10.110179.000305

V. Razafimanahaka, P. A. Razakarivony, and . Racey, The distribution and conservation of bats in the dry regions of Madagascar, Anim. Conserv, vol.8, pp.153-165, 2005.

P. M. Gorresen and M. R. Williga, LANDSCAPE RESPONSES OF BATS TO HABITAT FRAGMENTATION IN ATLANTIC FOREST OF PARAGUAY, Journal of Mammalogy, vol.85, issue.4, pp.688-697, 2004.
DOI : 10.1644/BWG-125

G. Guevara and J. Laborde, Monitoring seed dispersal at isolated standing trees in tropical pastures: consequences for local species availability, 1993.
DOI : 10.1007/978-94-011-1749-4_22

G. J. Harper, M. K. Steininger, C. J. Tucker, D. Juhn, and A. F. Hawkins, Fifty years of deforestation and forest fragmentation in Madagascar, Environmental Conservation, vol.5, issue.04, pp.1-9, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/S0006-3207(00)00041-0

E. R. Heithaus, Coevolution between bats and plants Ecology of bats, pp.327-367, 1982.

H. F. Howe and J. Smallwood, Ecology of Seed Dispersal, Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, vol.13, issue.1, pp.201-228, 1982.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.es.13.110182.001221

I. Izahaki, C. Korine, and Z. Arad, The effect of bat (Rousettus aegyptiacus) dispersal on seed germination in eastern Mediterranean habitats, Oecologia, vol.7, issue.20, pp.335-342, 1995.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00328820

N. H. Jacobsen and E. D. Plessis, Observation of the ecology and biology of the Cape Fruit Bat Rousettus aegyptiacus leachi in the eastern Transvaal, S. Afr. J. Sci, vol.72, pp.270-273, 1976.

D. H. Janzen, A Bat-Generated Fig Seed Shadow in Rainforest, Biotropica, vol.10, issue.2, p.121, 1978.
DOI : 10.2307/2388014

J. Koechlin, J. L. Guillaumet, and P. Morat, Flore et végétation de Madagascar, J. Cramer, 1974.

P. A. Rakotondravony, R. K. Racey, and . Jenkins, Habitat use, roost selection and conservation of bats in Tsingy de Bemaraha National Park, Madagascar. Biodivers. Conserv, vol.16, pp.1039-1053, 2007.

C. Korine and Z. Arad, Changes in Milk Composition of the Egyptian Fruit Bat, Rousettus aegyptiacus (Pteropodidae), during Lactation, Journal of Mammalogy, vol.80, issue.1, pp.53-59, 1999.
DOI : 10.2307/1383207

D. Lieberman, J. B. Hall, and M. Lieberman, Seed Dispersal by Baboons in the Shai Hills, Ghana, Ecology, vol.60, issue.1, pp.65-75, 1979.
DOI : 10.2307/1936469

E. Long and P. A. Racey, An exotic plantation crop as a keystone resource for an endemic megachiropteran, Pteropus rufus, in Madagascar, Journal of Tropical Ecology, vol.23, issue.04, pp.397-407, 2007.
DOI : 10.1017/S0266467407004178

J. L. Mackinnon, C. E. Hawkins, and P. A. Racey, Pteropodidae, fruit bats, In : (S.M, 2003.

J. P. Goodman and . Benstead, The natural history of Madagascar, pp.1299-1302

B. K. Mcnab, The economics of temperature regulation in neutropical bats, Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, vol.31, issue.2, pp.227-268, 1969.
DOI : 10.1016/0010-406X(69)91651-X

F. A. Mutere, The breeding biology of the fruit bat Rousettus aegyptiacus Geoffroy living at 0°22'S, Acta Trop, vol.25, pp.97-108, 1968.

M. E. Naranjo, C. Rengifo, J. Pascual, and P. J. Soriano, Effect of ingestion by bats and birds on seed germination of Stenocereus griseus and Subpilocereus repandus Cactaceae, J, 2003.

U. M. Norberg and J. M. Rayner, Ecological Morphology and Flight in Bats (Mammalia; Chiroptera): Wing Adaptations, Flight Performance, Foraging Strategy and Echolocation, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, vol.316, issue.1179, 1987.
DOI : 10.1098/rstb.1987.0030

D. J. Overdorff and C. A. Hemingway, Sampling effects on food availability estimates : phenological method, sample size, and species composition, Biotropica, vol.31, pp.354-364, 1999.

M. M. Picot, R. K. Jenkins, O. R. Ramilijaona, P. A. Racey, and S. M. Carriere, The feeding ecology of Eidolon dupreanum (Pteropodidae) in eastern Madagascar, African Journal of Ecology, vol.61, issue.4, pp.645-650, 2007.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1365-2028.2000.00281.x

P. A. Racey, Reproductive assessment in bats Ecological and behavioral methods for the study of bats, pp.31-43, 1988.

P. A. Racey and A. C. Entwistle, Life-history and reproductive strategies of bats Reproductive biology of bats, pp.363-414, 2000.

P. A. Racey, S. M. Goodman, and R. K. Jenkins, The ecology and conservation of Malagasy bats Island bats. Ecology, evolution and conservation, pp.369-404, 2010.

W. Bergmans, Taxonomy and biogeography of the African fruit bats (Mammalia Megachiroptera). 3. The genera Scotonycteris Matchie, Pteropus Brisson, 1762, and Eidolon Rafinesque, pp.111-177, 1815.

D. Dieringer and C. Schlötterer, (MSA): a platform independent analysis tool for large microsatellite data sets, Molecular Ecology Notes, vol.38, issue.1, pp.167-169, 2003.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1471-8286.2003.00351.x

J. Goudet, FSTAT, a program to estimate and test gene diversities and fixation indices (version 2.9.3), 1995.

D. Hillis, B. Mable, and A. Larson, Nucleic acids IV : sequencing and cloning, Molecular systematics, pp.321-381, 1996.

J. Juste, Y. Alvarez, and E. Tabares, Phylogeography of African Fruit Bats (Megachiroptera), Mol Phylogenet Evol, vol.13, issue.3, pp.596-604, 1999.

R. Kandpal, G. Kandpal, and S. Weissman, Construction of libraries enriched for sequence repeats and jumping clones, and hybridization selection for region-specific markers., Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.91, issue.1, pp.88-92, 1994.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.91.1.88

E. Kulzer, Flughunde erzeugen Orientierungslaute durch Zungenschlag, Die Naturwissenschaften, vol.38, issue.5, pp.117-118, 1956.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00600896

J. Longmire, G. Gee, C. Hardekoff, and G. Mark, Establishing paternity in whooping cranes (Grus americana) by DNA analysis, Auk, vol.109, pp.522-529, 1992.

T. Marshall, J. Slate, L. Kruuk, and J. Pemberton, Statistical confidence for likelihood-based paternity inference in natural populations, Molecular Ecology, vol.38, issue.5, pp.639-655, 1998.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1365-294X.1997.00146.x

D. Moraga-amador, B. Farmerie, D. Brazeau, and G. Clark, Tools for developing molecular markers. Interdisciplinary center for biotechnology research laboratory manual, pp.11-65, 2001.

R. A. Andrianaivoarivelo, O. R. Ramilijaona, and D. Andriafidison, Rousettus madagascariensis (Grandidier, 1928) feeding on Dimocarpus longan in Madagascar, African Bat Conservation News, vol.11, pp.3-4, 2007.

. Jr, R. A. Louis, and . Brenneman, Characterization of 22 microsatellite marker loci in the Madagascar rousette (Rousettus madagascariensis), Conservation Genetics, vol.10, pp.1025-1028, 2008.

. Jenkins, Feeding ecology, habitat use and reproduction of Rousettus madagascariensis GrandidierChiroptera : Pteropodidae) in eastern Madagascar, Mammalia, vol.75, pp.69-78, 1928.

O. R. Rakotoarivelo, P. A. Ramilijaona, R. K. Racey, and . Jenkins, A conservation assessment of Rousettus madagascariensis (Grandidier, 1928, Pteropodidae) roosts in eastern Madagascar, Madagascar Conservation and Development. Madagascar Development and Conservation, pp.78-82, 2011.

L. Bachmann, Y. Rumpler, J. U. Ganzhorn, and J. Tomiuk, Genetic differentiation among natural populations of Lepilemur ruficaudatus, International Journal of Primatology, vol.21, issue.5, pp.853-864, 2000.
DOI : 10.1023/A:1005546709911

M. A. Beaumont, Detecting population expansion and decline using microsatellites, Genetics, vol.153, pp.2013-2029, 1999.

E. Bernard and M. B. Fenton, Bat mobility and roosts in a fragmented landscape in central Amazonia, Brazil. Biotropica, vol.35, pp.262-277, 2003.

J. M. Betsch, Types de spéciation chez quelques collemboles Symphypléones Sminthuridae (Aptérygotes) de Madagascar, pp.295-306, 2000.

T. M. Burland and J. W. Wilmer, Seeing in the dark: molecular approaches to the study of bat populations, Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, vol.15, issue.3, pp.389-409, 2001.
DOI : 10.1098/rspb.1994.0115

S. G. Cardiff, Bat cave selection and conservation in Ankarana, northern Madagascar, 2006.

L. Chikhi and M. W. Bruford, Mammalian population genetics and genomics., pp.539-584, 2005.
DOI : 10.1079/9780851999104.0539

W. L. Gannon and R. S. , Guidelines of the American Society of Mammalogists for the Use of Wild Mammals in Research, Journal of Mammalogy, vol.88, issue.3, pp.809-823, 2007.
DOI : 10.1644/06-MAMM-F-185R1.1

N. Garbutt, Mammals of Madagascar : A complete guide, 2007.

S. M. Goodman, Results of a bat survey of the eastern slopes of the Réserve Naturelle Intégrale d'Andringitra, Madagascar. In A floral and faunal inventory of the eastern slopes of the Réserve Naturelle Intégrale d'Andringitra, Madagascar, with reference to elevational variation. Fieldiana : Zoology, new series, pp.284-288, 1996.

S. M. Goodman, Notes on the bats of the Reserve Speciale d'Anjanaharibe-Sud, Madagascar. In a floral and faunal inventory of the results of a bat survey of Reserve Speciale d'Anjanaharibe-Sud, Madagascar : with reference to elevational variation, Fieldiana Zool, vol.1496, pp.223-226, 1998.

S. M. Goodman, Notes on the bats of the Réserve Naturelle Intégrale d'Andohahela and surrounding areas of southeastern Madagascar. In a floral and faunal inventory of the Réserve Naturelle Intégrale, Madagascar, with reference to elevational variation. Fieldiana : Zoology, new series 94, pp.1-9, 1999.

V. Razafimanahaka, P. A. Razakarivony, and . Racey, The distribution and conservation of bats in the dry regions of Madagascar, Animal Conservation, vol.8, pp.153-165, 2005.

S. M. Goodman, L. M. Chan, M. D. Nowak, and A. D. Yoder, (Chiroptera: Pteropodidae), Journal of Mammalogy, vol.91, issue.3, pp.593-606, 2010.
DOI : 10.1644/09-MAMM-A-283.1

S. M. Goodman, Les chauves?souris de Madagascar : Guide de leur distribution, biologie et identification. Association Vahatra, 2011.

J. Goudet, FSTAT (Version 1.2): A Computer Program to Calculate F-Statistics, Journal of Heredity, vol.86, issue.6, pp.485-486, 1995.
DOI : 10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a111627

URL : http://jhered.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/86/6/485

J. Goudet, FSTAT, a program to estimate and test gene diversities and fixation indices (version 2.9.3) Available from http, 2001.

N. H. Jacobsen and E. Du-plessis, Observation of the ecology and the biology of the cap fruit bat Rousettus aegyptiacus leachi in the eastern Transvaal, South Africa Journal of Science, vol.72, pp.270-273, 1976.

C. Korine, J. Speakman, and Z. Arad, REPRODUCTIVE ENERGETICS OF CAPTIVE AND FREE-RANGING EGYPTIAN FRUIT BATS (ROUSETTUS AEGYPTIACUS), Ecology, vol.85, issue.1, pp.220-230, 2004.
DOI : 10.1139/z96-050

S. E. Lewis, Roost Fidelity of Bats: A Review, Journal of Mammalogy, vol.76, issue.2, pp.481-496, 1995.
DOI : 10.2307/1382357

R. H. Macarthur and E. O. Wilson, An Equilibrium Theory of Insular Zoogeography, Evolution, vol.17, issue.4, pp.373-387, 1963.
DOI : 10.2307/2407089

J. L. Mackinnon, C. E. Hawkins, and P. A. Racey, Pteropodidae, fruit bats, fanihy, angavo, The natural history of Madagascar (S. M. Goodman and J. P, pp.1299-1302, 2003.

G. F. Mccracken, L. F. Lumsden, and T. H. Kunz, Roosting ecology and population biology, Functional and evolutionary ecology of bats, pp.179-184, 2006.

D. B. Means and D. Simberfoff, The Peninsula Effect: Habitat-Correlated Species Decline in Florida's Herpetofauna, Journal of Biogeography, vol.14, issue.6, pp.551-568, 1987.
DOI : 10.2307/2844880

Y. Michalakis and L. Excoffier, A generic estimation of population subdivision using distance between alleles with special reference to microsatellite loci, Genetics, vol.142, pp.1061-1064, 1996.

U. M. Norberg and J. M. Rayner, Ecological Morphology and Flight in Bats (Mammalia; Chiroptera): Wing Adaptations, Flight Performance, Foraging Strategy and Echolocation, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, vol.316, issue.1179, pp.337-419, 1987.
DOI : 10.1098/rstb.1987.0030

H. V. Richter and G. S. Cumming, First application of satellite telemetry to track African straw-coloured fruit bat migration, Journal of Zoology, vol.268, issue.2, pp.172-176, 2008.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1523-1739.1992.610018.x

R. Rousset, Genetic differentiation and estimation of gene flow from F-statistics under isolation by distance, Genetics, vol.145, pp.1219-1228, 1997.

J. Sambrook, E. F. Fritsch, and T. Maniatis, Molecular cloning : A laboratory manual, 1989.

E. A. Sinclair, N. J. Webb, A. D. Marchant, and C. R. Tidemann, Genetic variation in the little red flying-fox Pteropus scapulatus (Chiroptera: Pteropodidae): Implications for management, Biological Conservation, vol.76, issue.1, pp.45-50, 1996.
DOI : 10.1016/0006-3207(95)00086-0

J. F. Storz, H. R. Bhat, and T. H. Kunz, GENETIC CONSEQUENCES OF POLYGYNY AND SOCIAL STRUCTURE IN AN INDIAN FRUIT BAT, CYNOPTERUS SPHINX. I. INBREEDING, OUTBREEDING, AND POPULATION SUBDIVISION, Evolution, vol.15, issue.6, pp.1215-1233, 2001.
DOI : 10.2307/2406450

R. J. Taylor and P. J. , The Peninsular Effect on Species Diversity and the Biogeography of Baja California, The American Naturalist, vol.112, issue.985, pp.538-593, 1978.
DOI : 10.1086/283299

N. J. Webb and C. R. Tiedemann, Mobility of Australian Flying-Foxes, Pteropus spp. (Megachiroptera): Evidence from Genetic Variation, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B, pp.497-502, 1996.
DOI : 10.1098/rspb.1996.0075

B. S. Weir and C. C. Cockerham, Estimating F-Statistics for the Analysis of Population Structure, Evolution, vol.38, issue.6, pp.1358-1370, 1984.
DOI : 10.2307/2408641

D. A. Wiggins, The peninsula effect on species diversity: a reassessment of the avifauna of Baja California, Ecography, vol.9, issue.5, pp.542-547, 1999.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1600-0587.1999.tb01284.x

S. Wright, Evolution and the genetics of populations Variability within and among natural populations, 1978.

I. Albayrak, N. Aan, and T. Yorulmaz, The natural history of the Egyptian fruit bat, Rousettus aegyptiacus, in Turkey (Mammalia : Chiroptera), Turkish Journal of Zoology, vol.32, pp.11-18, 2008.

H. D. Aldridge and R. M. Brigham, Load Carrying and Maneuverability in an Insectivorous Bat: a Test of the 5% "Rule" of Radio-Telemetry, Journal of Mammalogy, vol.69, issue.2, pp.379-382, 1988.
DOI : 10.2307/1381393

R. A. Andrianaivoarivelo, O. R. Ramilijaona, and D. Andriafidison, Rousettus madagascariensis (Grandidier, 1928) feeding on Dimocarpus longan in Madagascar, African Bat Conservation News, vol.11, pp.3-4, 2007.

G. A. Bartholomew, P. Leitner, and N. J. , Body Temperature, Oxygen Consumption, and Heart Rate in Three Species of Australian Flying Foxes, Physiological Zoology, vol.37, issue.2, pp.179-198, 1964.
DOI : 10.1086/physzool.37.2.30152330

F. J. Bonaccorso and B. K. Mcnab, Plasticity of Energetics in Blossom Bats (Pteropodidae): Impact on Distribution, Journal of Mammalogy, vol.78, issue.4, pp.1073-1088, 1997.
DOI : 10.2307/1383050

R. I. Bornholdt, L. R. Oliveira, and M. E. Fabián, Sexual size dimorphism in Myotis nigricans (Schinz, 1821) (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) from south Brazil, Brazilian Journal of Biology, vol.68, issue.4, pp.897-904, 2008.
DOI : 10.1590/S1519-69842008000400028

C. I. Canale, M. Perret, M. Théry, and P. Y. Henry, Physiological flexibility and acclimation to food shortage in a heterothermic primate, Journal of Experimental Biology, vol.214, issue.4, pp.551-560, 2011.
DOI : 10.1242/jeb.046987

A. B. Clark, Sex Ratio and Local Resource Competition in a Prosimian Primate, Science, vol.201, issue.4351, pp.163-65, 1978.
DOI : 10.1126/science.201.4351.163

W. B. Davis, Review of the large fruit-eating bats of the Artibeus lituratus complex (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae) in Middle America, Occasional Papers, Museum of Texas Tech University, vol.93, pp.1-16, 1984.

R. E. Dewar and A. F. Richard, Evolution in the hypervariable environment of Madagascar, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, pp.13723-13727, 2007.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.0704346104

D. J. Dupuy and J. Moat, A refined classification of the primary vegetation of Madagascar based on the underlying geology : Using GIS to map its distribution and to assess its conservation status, pp.205-218, 1996.

V. H. Elangovan, H. Raghuram, E. Y. Priya, and G. Marimuthu, Postnatal growth, age estimation and development of foraging behaviour in the fulvous fruit batRousettus leschenaulti, Journal of Biosciences, vol.17, issue.7, pp.695-702, 2002.
DOI : 10.1007/BF02708378

V. Elangovan, H. Raghuram, E. Y. Priya, and G. Marimuthu, WING MORPHOLOGY AND FLIGHT PERFORMANCE IN ROUSETTUS LESCHENAULTI, Journal of Mammalogy, vol.85, issue.4, pp.806-812, 2004.
DOI : 10.1644/BWG-131

L. Gautier and S. M. Goodman, Introduction to the flora of Madagascar In The natural history of Madagascar, pp.229-250, 2003.

S. M. Goodman and J. U. Ganzhorn, Rarity of figs (Ficus) on Madagascar and its relationship to a depauperate frugivore community, pp.321-329, 1997.

S. M. Goodman, Notes on the bats of the Réserve Naturelle Intégrale d'Andohahela and surrounding areas of southeastern Madagascar. In a floral and faunal inventory of the Réserve Naturelle Intégrale, Madagascar, with reference to elevational variation. Fieldiana : Zoology, new series 94, pp.1-9, 1999.

S. M. Goodman and J. U. Ganzhorn, Elevational Ranges of Lemurs in the Humid Forests of Madagascar, International Journal of Primatology, vol.25, issue.2, pp.331-350, 2004.
DOI : 10.1023/B:IJOP.0000019155.33815.bf

S. M. Goodman, D. Andriafidison, A. R. Andrianaivoarivelo, S. G. Cardiff, E. Ifticene et al., The distribution and conservation of bats in the dry regions of Madagascar, Animal Conservation, vol.21, issue.2, pp.153-165, 2005.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1472-4642.1998.00012.x

S. M. Goodman, L. M. Chan, M. D. Nowak, and A. D. Yoder, (Chiroptera: Pteropodidae), Journal of Mammalogy, vol.91, issue.3, pp.593-606, 2010.
DOI : 10.1644/09-MAMM-A-283.1

P. D. Heideman and R. C. Utzurrum, Seasonality and synchrony of reproduction in three species of nectarivorous Philippines bats, BMC Ecology, vol.3, issue.1, pp.11-26, 2003.
DOI : 10.1186/1472-6785-3-11

?. Herzig, B. Straschil, and G. A. Robinson, On the ecology of the fruit bat, Rousettus aegyptiacus leachi (A. Smith, 1829) in the Tsitsikama Coastal National Park, Koedoe, vol.21, pp.101-110, 1978.

M. A. Huston and W. S. , The global distribution of net primary production: resolving the paradox, Ecological Monographs, vol.111, issue.15, pp.343-377, 2009.
DOI : 10.2307/1369074

R. K. Jenkins and P. A. Racey, Bats as bushmeat in Madagascar, Madagascar Conservation & Development, vol.3, issue.1, pp.22-30, 2008.
DOI : 10.4314/mcd.v3i1.44132

A. Karatas, N. Yiit, E. Çolak, and T. Kankiliç, Contribution to Rousettus aegyptiacus (Mammalia : Chiroptera) from Turkey, Folia Zoologica, vol.52, pp.137-142, 2003.

D. Kock, A new fruit bat of the genus Rousettus from the Comoro Islands, Proceedings of the International Bat Research Conference, pp.205-216, 1978.

E. Kozhurina and O. Ilchenko, Secrets of the reproductive biology of flying fox, Plecotus et al, vol.13, pp.20-23, 2010.

E. Kulzer, African fruit?eating cave bats. Part I, African Wild Life, vol.23, pp.39-46, 1969.

E. Kulzer and R. Storff, Schlaf?Lethargie bei dem afrikanischen Langzungenflughund, Megaloglossus woermanni Pagenstecher, 1885, Zeitschrift für Säugetierkunde, vol.45, pp.23-29, 1980.

T. H. Kunz, M. H. Stack, and R. Jennes, A Comparison of Milk Composition in Myotis lucifugus and Eptesicus fuscus (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae), Biology of Reproduction, vol.28, issue.1, pp.133-138, 1983.
DOI : 10.1095/biolreprod28.1.229

T. H. Kunz, R. A. Adams, and W. R. Hood, Methods for assessing size at birth and postnatal growth and development, Ecological and behavioral methods for the study of bats, pp.273-314, 2009.

G. G. Kwiencinski and T. A. Griffiths, Rousettus aegyptiacus, Mammalian Species, vol.611, pp.1-9, 1999.

A. R. Lammers, H. A. Dziech, and R. Z. German, Ontogeny of Sexual Dimorphism in Chinchilla lanigera (Rodentia: Chinchillidae), Journal of Mammalogy, vol.82, issue.1, pp.179-189, 2001.
DOI : 10.1093/jmammal/82.1.179

B. K. Lim, Morphometric differentiation and species status of the allopatric fruit-eating bats artibeus jamaicensis and a. planirostris in Venezuela, Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment, vol.32, issue.2, pp.65-71, 1997.
DOI : 10.1080/01650521.1997.10383064

P. Lindenfors, Sexually antagonistic selection on primate size, Journal of Evolutionary Biology, vol.403, issue.4, pp.595-607, 2002.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1420-9101.2002.00422.x

J. L. Mackinnon, C. E. Hawkins, and P. A. Racey, Pteropodidae, fruit bats, The natural history of Madagascar, pp.1299-1302, 2003.

S. A. Marques-aguiar, A systematic review of the large species of Artibeus Leach, 1821 (Mammalia: Chiroptera), with some phylogenetic inferences, Zoologia, vol.10, pp.3-83, 1994.

F. A. Mutere, The breeding biology of the fruit bat Rousettus aegyptiacus E. Geoffroy living at 0°22'S, Acta tropica, vol.25, pp.97-108, 1968.

F. A. Mutere, Breeding cycles in tropical bats in Uganda, Journal of Applied Ecology, vol.5, pp.8-9, 1968.

F. A. Mutere, The breeding biology of equatorial vertebrates: reproduction in the fruit bat, Eidolon helvum, at latitude 0??20???N, Journal of Zoology, vol.29, issue.15, pp.153-161, 2009.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1469-7998.1967.tb04058.x

B. K. Mcnab, Geographic and temporal correlations of mammalian size reconsidered: a resource rule, Oecologia, vol.74, issue.1, pp.13-23, 2010.
DOI : 10.1007/s00442-010-1621-5

P. Myers, Sexual Dimorphism in Size of Vespertilionid Bats, The American Naturalist, vol.112, issue.986, pp.701-711, 1978.
DOI : 10.1086/283312

U. M. Norberg and J. M. Rayner, Ecological Morphology and Flight in Bats (Mammalia; Chiroptera): Wing Adaptations, Flight Performance, Foraging Strategy and Echolocation, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, vol.316, issue.1179, pp.335-427, 1987.
DOI : 10.1098/rstb.1987.0030

A. L. Peter, S. R. Hoofer, M. C. Bozeman, S. C. Pedersen, H. H. Genoways et al., Phylogenetics and phylogeography of the Artibeus jamaicensis complex based on cytochrome-b dna sequences, Journal of Mammalogy, vol.88, issue.3, pp.712-727, 2007.

C. J. Phillips, Systematics of Megachiropteran bats in the Solomon Islands, Museum of Natural History, vol.16, pp.777-837, 1968.

P. A. Racey, Reproductive assessment in bats In Ecological and behavioral methods for the study of bats, pp.31-43, 1988.

P. A. Racey and A. C. Entwistle, Life-history and Reproductive Strategies of Bats, Reproductive biology of bats, pp.363-414, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/B978-012195670-7/50010-2

M. Raheriarisena, Régime alimentaire de Pteropus rufus (Chiroptera : Pteropodidae) dans la région sub?aride du sud de Madagascar, pp.255-264, 2005.

C. Rajeriarison, Aperçu bibliographique sur l'origine et les affinités de la flore malgache, Biogéographie de Madagascar, pp.195-203, 1996.

E. N. Rakotonandrasana and S. M. Goodman, Bat inventories of the Madagascar offshore islands of Nosy Be, Nosy Komba and Ile Sainte?Marie, African Bat Conservation News, vol.12, pp.6-10, 2007.

M. Ralisata, F. R. Andriamboavonjy, D. Rakotondravony, O. R. Ravoahangimalala, F. H. Randrianandrianina et al., Monastic Myzopoda: the foraging and roosting ecology of a sexually segregated Malagasy endemic bat, Journal of Zoology, vol.73, pp.130-139, 2010.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1469-7998.2010.00724.x

K. Ralls, Mammals in Which Females are Larger Than Males, The Quarterly Review of Biology, vol.51, issue.2, pp.245-276, 1976.
DOI : 10.1086/409310

R. D. Ransome and T. P. Mcowat, Birth timing and population changes in greater horseshoe bat colonies (Rhinolophus ferrumequinum) are synchronized by climatic temperature, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, vol.112, issue.3, pp.337-351, 1994.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1096-3642.1994.tb00324.x

F. H. Ratrimomanarivo, S. M. Goodman, N. Hoosen, P. J. Taylor, and J. Lamb, Morphological and molecular variation in Mops leucostigma (Chiroptera : Molossidae) of Madagascar and the Comoros : Phylogeny, phylogeography and geographic variation, 2008.

R. Development and C. Team, A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing, R Foundation for Statistical Computing, 2008.

A. Rojas-martínez, ?. Valiente, A. Banuet, and A. Ma, ) in North America: does a generalized migration pattern really exist?, Journal of Biogeography, vol.121, issue.5, pp.1065-1078
DOI : 10.1046/j.1365-2699.1999.00354.x

L. C. Rookmaakek and W. Bergmans, Taxonomy and geography of Rousettus amplexicaudatus (geoffroy, 1810) with comparative notes on sympatric congeners (Mammalia, Megachiroptera), Beaufortia, vol.31, pp.1-29, 1981.

A. E. Schulte-hostedde, J. S. Millar, and G. J. Hickling, Sexual dimorphism in body composition of small mammals, Canadian Journal of Zoology, vol.79, issue.6, pp.1016-1020, 2001.
DOI : 10.1139/z01-076

S. Sidney, NONPARAMETRIC STATISTICS FOR THE BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES, The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, vol.125, issue.3, pp.429-445, 1956.
DOI : 10.1097/00005053-195707000-00032

A. P. Smith, Deforestation, fragmentation, and reserve design in western Madagascar In Tropical Forest Remnants, Ecology, Management and Conservation of fragmented Communities, pp.415-441, 1997.

E. F. Stockwell, Morphology and flight manoeuvrability in New World leaf-nosed bats (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae), Journal of Zoology, vol.31, issue.4, pp.505-514, 2001.
DOI : 10.1007/s002650050454

J. F. Storz, J. Balasingh, H. R. Bhat, P. T. Nathan, P. P. Doss et al., Clinal variation in body size and sexual dimorphism in an Indian fruit bat, Cynopterus sphinx (Chiroptera: Pteropodidae), Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, vol.72, issue.1, pp.17-31, 2001.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2001.tb01298.x

D. W. Thomas and A. G. Marshall, Reproduction and growth in three species of West African fruit bats, Journal of Zoology, vol.225, issue.2, pp.265-281, 2009.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1469-7998.1984.tb05954.x

C. W. Thornthwaite, An Approach toward a Rational Classification of Climate, Geographical Review, vol.38, issue.1, pp.55-94, 1948.
DOI : 10.2307/210739

J. P. Trouchaud, Contribution à l'étude géographique de Madagascar, 1965.

A. P. Brooke and M. Tschapka, Threats from overhunting to the flying fox, Pteropus tonganus, (Chiroptera: Pteropodidae) on Niue Island, South Pacific Ocean, Biological Conservation, vol.103, issue.3, pp.343-348, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0006-3207(01)00145-8

C. I. Canale, M. Perret, M. Théry, and P. Y. Henry, Physiological flexibility and acclimation to food shortage in a heterothermic primate, Journal of Experimental Biology, vol.214, issue.4, pp.551-560, 2011.
DOI : 10.1242/jeb.046987

J. Durbin, New legislation for the protection of Malagasy species, Lemur News, vol.11, pp.4-6, 2007.

L. B. Halstead, Fruit bats an example of wildlife management. The Nigerian Field, pp.50-56, 1977.

S. M. Goodman, Les chauves-souris de Madagascar : Guide de leur distribution, biologie et identification. Association Vahatra, 2011.

L. B. Halstead, Fruit bats ? an example of wildlife management. The Nigerian Field, pp.50-56, 1977.

R. K. Jenkins and P. A. Racey, Bats as bushmeat in Madagascar, Madagascar Conservation & Development, vol.3, issue.1, pp.22-30, 2008.
DOI : 10.4314/mcd.v3i1.44132

A. R. Rakotoarivelo, J. H. Razafimanahaka, S. Rabesihanaka, J. P. Jones, and R. K. Jenkins, Lois et r??glements sur la faune sauvage ?? Madagascar : Progr??s accomplis et besoins du futur, Madagascar Conservation & Development, vol.6, issue.1, pp.37-44, 2011.
DOI : 10.4314/mcd.v6i1.68063

J. G. Robinson and E. L. Bennett, Having your wildlife and eating it too: an analysis of hunting sustainability across tropical ecosystems, Animal Conservation, vol.17, issue.1543, pp.397-408, 2004.
DOI : 10.2307/2388723

D. A. Roff and D. J. Fairbairn, Wing Dimorphisms and the Evolution of Migratory Polymorphisms among the Insecta, American Zoologist, vol.31, issue.1, pp.243-251, 1991.
DOI : 10.1093/icb/31.1.243

M. J. Vardon and C. R. Tidemann, Harvesting of flying-foxes (Pteropus spp.) in Australia: could it promote the conservation of endangered Pacific island species? In: Conservation through Sustainable use of wildlife, pp.82-85, 1995.

J. C. Zadoks, On the Conceptual Basis of Crop Loss Assessment: The Threshold Theory, Annual Review of Phytopathology, vol.23, issue.1, pp.455-473, 1985.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.py.23.090185.002323

L. Des-tableaux-tableau and ). , 1 : The numbers of Rousettus madagascariensis of different reproductive status caught returning to a cave roost in Maromizaha, eastern Madagascar, p.27, 2004.

M. Kinkony, 9'' S16°02'36.8'' E45°52'24.8'' S16°05'09.9'' E45°54'56.4'' S16°03'22.1'' E45°56'10.6'' S16°03'30.0'' E46°00'23.0'' S16°01'56.6'' Ouest Antsalova Antsalova 3003, pp.13-64, 2005.