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            <title xml:lang="en">Contrasting the flavors of ENSO and related trends in the tropical Pacific Ocean in recent decades</title>
            <title xml:lang="fr">De la diversité des évènements El Niño Oscillation Australe dans l'océan Pacifique tropical et des tendances climatiques associées au cours des 50 dernières années</title>
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                <title xml:lang="en">Contrasting the flavors of ENSO and related trends in the tropical Pacific Ocean in recent decades</title>
                <title xml:lang="fr">De la diversité des évènements El Niño Oscillation Australe dans l'océan Pacifique tropical et des tendances climatiques associées au cours des 50 dernières années</title>
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                <term xml:lang="en">recharge-discharge oscillator</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">warm water volume</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">sea level</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">sea surface salinit</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">sea surface temperature</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">tropical Pacific</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">oscillateur rechargé déchargé</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">volume d'eau chaude</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">niveau de la me</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">salinité de surface</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">température de surface</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">ZCPS</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">SPCZ</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">warm pool</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">Océan Pacifique Tropical</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">La Niña</term>
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              <p>The main features of the Eastern (EP) and Central (CP) Pacific El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events are analyzed using 1950-2010 observed and modeled data. Using various analysis techniques, we found that the CP El Niño differs from the canonical EP El Niño in terms of amplitude and location of maximum/minimum sea surface temperature, sea surface salinity and sea level anomalies, and the recharge/discharge (R/D) dynamical mode. The distinctive R/D features are characterized by different transport mechanisms: during EP El Niño, there is a mass discharge of warm waters (&gt;20°C) over the entire equatorial band resulting in a change from El Niño to La Niña conditions. Whereas during CP El Niño, there is a compensating effect ensuing in relatively no overall discharge. Furthermore, the long-term trends due to ENSO are mostly because of the influence of CP El Niño, which for example, accounts up to 30% of the warming/freshening trends in the western-central equatorial Pacific.</p>
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              <p>Comprendre les mécanismes moteurs et pouvoir anticiper l'impact environnemental du phénomène El Niño Oscillation Australe (ENOA) constituent des enjeux scientifiques et sociétaux de première importance, notamment pour les Pays Emergents. Dans cette thèse, nous avons documenté et contrasté la signature de différents types d'ENOA - dits canoniques et Modoki - pour plusieurs variables climatiques essentielles (température et salinité de surface, niveau de la mer, courant de surface, précipitation, vent de surface, ...), analysé la pertinence de la théorie dite de recharge / décharge, une des quatre théories majeures d'ENOA, à rendre compte ou non de la nature quasi oscillatoire de ces différents types et quantifié l'impact potentiel des modifications des caractéristiques majeures d'ENOA sur notre interprétation des tendances climatiques à 'long' terme pour ces variables climatiques essentielles.</p>
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