]. T. Bibliographie, J. Elder, and . Strong, The infrared transmission of atmospheric windows, Journal of the Franklin Institute, vol.255, issue.13, pp.189-208, 1953.

J. Wagner, N. Schulz, B. Rösener, M. Rattunde, Q. Yang et al., Infrared semiconductor lasers for DIRCM applications, Technologies for Optical Countermeasures V, p.71150, 2008.
DOI : 10.1117/12.800126

J. Wagner, S. Hugger, B. Rösener, F. Fuchs, M. Rattunde et al., Infrared semiconductor laser modules for DIRCM applications, Technologies for Optical Countermeasures VI, p.74830, 2009.
DOI : 10.1117/12.830342

H. D. Tholl, J. Wagner, M. Rattunde, S. Hugger, and F. Fuchs, Mid-infrared semiconductor lasers for power projection and sensing, Technologies for Optical Countermeasures VII, pp.78360-78360, 2010.
DOI : 10.1117/12.869850

F. Wei, Recent development of dircm technique, INFRARED TECHNO- LOGY, p.1, 1997.

H. D. Tholl and J. Wagner, Defense & security mid-ir semiconductor lasers for power projection and sensing

A. Sijan, Development of military lasers for optical countermeasures in the mid-IR, Technologies for Optical Countermeasures VI, pp.748304-748305, 2009.
DOI : 10.1117/12.835439

F. Tittel, D. Richter, and A. Fried, Mid-infrared laser applications in spectroscopy . Solid-State Mid-Infrared Laser Sources, pp.458-529, 2003.

G. Maisons, P. G. Carbajo, M. Carras, and D. Romanini, Optical-feedback cavity-enhanced absorption spectroscopy with a quantum cascade laser, Optics Letters, vol.35, issue.21, pp.3607-3609, 2010.
DOI : 10.1364/OL.35.003607

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00563656

E. B. Takeuchi, T. Rayner, M. Weida, S. Crivello, and T. Day, Standoff detection of explosives and chemical agents using broadly tuned external-cavity quantum cascade lasers (EC-QCLs), Optics and Photonics for Counterterrorism and Crime Fighting III, 2007.
DOI : 10.1117/12.768932

A. Mukherjee, S. Von-der-porten, and C. K. Patel, Standoff detection of explosive substances at distances of up to 150 m, Applied Optics, vol.49, issue.11, pp.492072-2078, 2010.
DOI : 10.1364/AO.49.002072

F. Fuchs, S. Hugger, M. Kinzer, R. Aidam, W. Bronner et al., Imaging standoff detection of explosives using widely tunable midinfrared quantum cascade lasers, Optical Engineering, vol.49, issue.11, pp.49111127-111127, 2010.
DOI : 10.1117/1.3506195

C. W. Van-neste, M. E. Morales-rodriguez, L. R. Senesac, and T. G. Thundat, Standoff spectroscopy using a conditioned target, US Patent, vol.8, p.80796, 2011.

C. W. Van-neste, L. R. Senesac, and T. Thundat, Standoff photoacoustic spectroscopy, Applied Physics Letters, vol.92, issue.23, pp.234102-234102, 2008.
DOI : 10.1063/1.2945288

R. W. Waynant, I. K. Ilev, and I. Gannot, Mid-infrared laser applications in medicine and biology, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, vol.359, issue.1780, pp.359635-644, 1780.
DOI : 10.1098/rsta.2000.0747

J. T. Walsh and J. P. Cummings, Effect of the dynamic optical properties of water on midinfrared laser ablation. Lasers in surgery and medicine, pp.295-305, 2005.

B. Guo, Y. Wang, C. Peng, H. Zhang, G. Luo et al., Laser-based mid-infrared reflectance imaging of biological tissues, Optics Express, vol.12, issue.1, pp.208-219, 2004.
DOI : 10.1364/OPEX.12.000208

R. A. Suris and R. Kazarinov, Possibility of amplification of electromagnetic waves in a semiconductor with a superlattice, pp.707-709, 1972.

L. Chang, L. Esaki, and R. Tsu, Resonant tunneling in semiconductor double barriers, Applied Physics Letters, vol.24, issue.12, pp.593-595, 1974.
DOI : 10.1063/1.1655067

L. Esaki and L. Chang, New Transport Phenomenon in a Semiconductor "Superlattice", Physical Review Letters, vol.33, issue.8, pp.495-498, 1974.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.33.495

R. Tsu and G. Döhler, Hopping conduction in a "superlattice", Physical Review B, vol.12, issue.2, p.680, 1975.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevB.12.680

R. Dingle, W. Wiegmann, and C. H. Henry, Heterostructures, Physical Review Letters, vol.33, issue.14, pp.827-830, 1974.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.33.827

A. Cho, Film Deposition by Molecular-Beam Techniques, Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology, vol.8, issue.5, pp.31-38, 1971.
DOI : 10.1116/1.1316387

M. Panish, Molecular Beam Epitaxy, Science, vol.208, issue.4446, pp.916-922, 1980.
DOI : 10.1126/science.208.4446.916

D. Sivco, C. Sirtori, A. Hutchinson, A. Cho, J. Faist et al., Quantum cascade lase, Science, vol.264, issue.5158, pp.553-556, 1994.

M. Beck, D. Hofstetter, T. Aellen, J. Faist, U. Oesterle et al., Continuous Wave Operation of a Mid-Infrared Semiconductor Laser at Room Temperature, Science, vol.295, issue.5553, pp.295301-305, 2002.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1066408

A. Evans, S. Sr-darvish, J. Slivken, Y. Nguyen, M. Bai et al., Buried heterostructure quantum cascade lasers with high continuous-wave wall plug efficiency, Applied Physics Letters, vol.91, issue.7, pp.91071101-071101, 2007.
DOI : 10.1063/1.2770768

S. Slivken, A. Evans, W. Zhang, and M. Razeghi, High-power, continuousoperation intersubband laser for wavelengths greater than< equation> 10< span style=, Applied physics letters, issue.15, pp.90151115-151115, 2007.

Y. Bai, S. Slivken, M. Darvish, and . Razeghi, Room temperature continuous wave operation of quantum cascade lasers with 12.5% wall plug efficiency, Applied Physics Letters, vol.93, issue.2, pp.21103-021103, 2008.
DOI : 10.1063/1.2957673

L. Diehl, D. Bour, S. Corzine, J. Zhu, G. Hofler et al., High-power quantum cascade lasers grown by low-pressure metal organic vapor-phase epitaxy operating in continuous wave above< equation> 400< span style=, Applied physics letters, issue.20, pp.88201115-201115, 2006.

L. Diehl, D. Bour, S. Corzine, J. Zhu, G. Hofler et al., High-temperature continuous wave operation of strain-balanced quantum cascade lasers grown by metal organic vapor-phase epitaxy, Applied Physics Letters, vol.89, issue.8, pp.89081101-081101, 2006.
DOI : 10.1063/1.2337284

Y. Bai, N. Bandyopadhyay, S. Tsao, S. Slivken, and M. Razeghi, Room temperature quantum cascade lasers with 27% wall plug efficiency, Applied Physics Letters, vol.98, issue.18, pp.98181102-181102, 2011.
DOI : 10.1063/1.3586773

Y. Bai, N. Bandyopadhyay, S. Tsao, E. Selcuk, S. Slivken et al., Highly temperature insensitive quantum cascade lasers, Applied Physics Letters, vol.97, issue.25, pp.97251104-251104, 2010.
DOI : 10.1063/1.3529449

B. K. Ridley, Quantum processes in semiconductors, 1988.
DOI : 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199677214.001.0001

F. Toor, D. L. Sivco, H. E. Liu, and C. F. , Effect of waveguide sidewall roughness on the threshold current density and slope efficiency of quantum cascade lasers, Applied Physics Letters, vol.93, issue.3, pp.31104-031104, 2008.
DOI : 10.1063/1.2962984

T. Aellen, M. Beck, N. Hoyler, M. Giovannini, J. Faist et al., Doping in quantum cascade lasers. I. InAlAs???InGaAs???InP midinfrared devices, Journal of Applied Physics, vol.100, issue.4, pp.43101-043101, 2006.
DOI : 10.1063/1.2234804

D. Botez and L. J. Mawst, Phase-locked laser arrays revisited. Circuits and Devices Magazine, IEEE, vol.12, issue.6, pp.25-32, 1996.
DOI : 10.1109/101.544448

URL : https://minds.wisconsin.edu/bitstream/handle/1793/10988/file_1.pdf?sequence=1

D. Scifres, W. Burnham, and . Streifer, Phase???locked semiconductor laser array, Applied Physics Letters, vol.33, issue.12, pp.1015-1017, 1978.
DOI : 10.1063/1.90253

E. Kapon, Z. Rav-noy, S. Margalit, and A. Yariv, Phase-locked arrays of buried-ridge inp/ingaasp diode lasers. Lightwave Technology, Journal, vol.4, issue.7, pp.919-925, 1986.

D. Welch, D. Scifres, P. Cross, H. Kung, W. Streifer et al., High-power (575 mW) single-lobed emission from a phased-array laser, Electronics Letters, vol.21, issue.14, pp.603-605, 1985.
DOI : 10.1049/el:19850426

L. Mawst, D. Botez, and T. Roth, High???power, diffraction???limited???beam operation from diode???laser phase???locked arrays operating in coupled first???order modes, Applied Physics Letters, vol.53, issue.14, pp.531236-1238, 1988.
DOI : 10.1063/1.100024

N. Kaneno, T. Kadowaki, J. Ohsawa, T. Aoyagi, S. Hinata et al., Phased array of AlGaAs multistripe index-guided lasers, Electronics Letters, vol.21, issue.18, pp.780-781, 1985.
DOI : 10.1049/el:19850550

G. R. Hadley, J. P. Hohimer, and A. Owyoung, Comprehensive modeling of diode arrays and broad-area devices with applications to lateral index tailoring, IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics, vol.24, issue.11, pp.242138-2152, 1988.
DOI : 10.1109/3.8557

D. Ackley and R. Engelmann, High???power leaky???mode multiple???stripe laser, Electron Devices Meeting, pp.362-365, 1980.
DOI : 10.1063/1.92551

D. Botez, L. Mawst, P. Hayashida, G. Peterson, and T. Roth, Highpower , diffraction-limited-beam operation from phase-locked diode-laser arrays of closely spaced " leaky " waveguides (antiguides) Applied physics letters, pp.464-466, 1988.

D. Welch, W. Streifer, P. Cross, and D. Scifres, Y-Junction semiconductor laser arrays: Part II--Experiments, IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics, vol.23, issue.6, pp.752-756, 1987.
DOI : 10.1109/JQE.1987.1073418

D. Welch, . Cross, W. Dr-scifres, R. Streifer, and . Burnham, Highpower (cw) in-phase locked " y " coupled laser arrays, Applied physics letters Bibliographie, vol.187

W. Fader and G. Palma, Normal modes of N coupled lasers, Optics Letters, vol.10, issue.8, pp.381-383, 1985.
DOI : 10.1364/OL.10.000381

Q. Yang, M. Kinzer, F. Fuchs, S. Hugger, B. Hinkov et al., Beam steering and lateral hole burning in mid-infrared quantum- cascade lasers, physica status solidi (c), vol.9, issue.2, pp.302-305, 2012.
DOI : 10.1002/pssc.201100248

A. Gordon, C. Y. Wang, L. Diehl, A. Kärtner, D. Belyanin et al., Multimode regimes in quantum cascade lasers: From coherent instabilities to spatial hole burning, Physical Review A, vol.77, issue.5, p.77053804, 2008.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevA.77.053804

D. Botez, High-power monolithic phase-locked arrays of antiguided semiconductor diode lasers, Optoelectronics, IEE Proceedings J, pp.14-23, 1992.
DOI : 10.1049/ip-j.1992.0003

A. Marie, Détermination de la Surface Equivalente Radar d'une cible à partir d, Modèle de Mesures Multistatiques en Champ Proche Exploitant les Matrices de Répartitions du Sytème de Mesure, 2008.

V. R. Shteeman, I. Nusinsky, E. Kapon, and A. A. Hardy, Analysis of photonic crystals with defects using coupled-mode theory, Journal of the Optical Society of America B, vol.26, issue.6, pp.1248-1255, 2009.
DOI : 10.1364/JOSAB.26.001248

H. Pier, E. Kapon-boiko, G. Guerrero, and E. Kapon, Photon localization in lattices of coupled vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers with dimensionalities between one and two, Optics Letters, vol.22, issue.8, pp.546-548, 1997.
DOI : 10.1364/OL.22.000546

E. Swartz and R. Pohl, Thermal boundary resistance, Reviews of Modern Physics, vol.61, issue.3, p.605, 1989.
DOI : 10.1103/RevModPhys.61.605

M. Szyma?ski, Calculation of the cross-plane thermal conductivity of a quantum cascade laser active region, Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, vol.44, issue.8, p.44085101, 2011.
DOI : 10.1088/0022-3727/44/8/085101

G. Scamarcio, V. Spagnolo, and M. Vitiello, Temperature dependence of thermal conductivity and boundary resistance in thz quantum cascade lasers. Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics, IEEE Journal, vol.14, issue.2, pp.431-435, 2008.

B. Yang and G. Chen, Partially coherent phonon heat conduction in superlattices, Physical Review B, vol.67, issue.19, p.195311, 2003.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevB.67.195311

S. Tamura, Y. Tanaka, and H. J. Maris, Phonon group velocity and thermal conduction in superlattices, Physical Review B, vol.60, issue.4, p.2627, 1999.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevB.60.2627

A. Lops, V. Spagnolo, and G. Scamarcio, Thermal modeling of GaInAs???AlInAs quantum cascade lasers, Journal of Applied Physics, vol.100, issue.4, p.43109, 2006.
DOI : 10.1063/1.2222074

J. Faist, Wallplug efficiency of quantum cascade lasers: Critical parameters and fundamental limits, Applied Physics Letters, vol.90, issue.25, pp.253512-253512, 2007.
DOI : 10.1063/1.2747190

R. Fornari and J. Kumar, Infrared absorption spectra in bulk Fe???doped InP, Applied Physics Letters, vol.56, issue.7, pp.638-640, 1990.
DOI : 10.1063/1.102722

K. L. Chen and S. Wang, Spatial hole burning problems in evanescently coupled semiconductor laser arrays, Applied Physics Letters, vol.47, issue.6, pp.555-557, 1985.
DOI : 10.1063/1.96068

C. Y. Wang, L. Diehl, A. Gordon, C. Jirauschek, A. Kärtner et al., Coherent instabilities in a semiconductor laser with fast gain recovery, Physical Review A, vol.75, issue.3, p.75031802, 2007.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevA.75.031802

W. W. Bewley, J. R. Lindle, C. S. Kim, I. Vurgaftman, J. R. Meyer et al., Beam steering in high-power cw quantumcascade lasers, Quantum Electronics IEEE Journal, issue.6, pp.41833-841, 2005.

D. Botez, Array-mode far-field patterns for phase-locked diode-laser array: Coupled-mode theory versus simple diffraction theory, IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics, vol.21, issue.11, pp.1752-1755, 1985.
DOI : 10.1109/JQE.1985.1072579

A. Yariv, Coupled-mode theory for guided-wave optics, IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics, vol.9, issue.9, pp.919-933, 1973.
DOI : 10.1109/JQE.1973.1077767

A. Hardy and W. Streifer, Coupled mode theory of parallel waveguides. Lightwave Technology, Journal, vol.3, issue.5, pp.1135-1146, 1985.

E. Kapon, The supermode structure of phase-locked diode laser arrays with variable channel spacing, IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics, vol.23, issue.1, pp.89-93, 1987.
DOI : 10.1109/JQE.1987.1073193

V. R. Shteeman, I. Nusinsky, E. Kapon, A. A. Hardy, E. Kapon et al., Extension of Coupled Mode Analysis to Infinite Photonic Superlattices, IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics, vol.44, issue.9, pp.826-833125, 1984.
DOI : 10.1109/JQE.2008.924235

G. M. De-naurois, M. Carras, B. Simozrag, O. Patard, F. Alexandre et al., Coherent quantum cascade laser micro-stripe arrays, List of publications Publications as first author : 1, p.32165, 2011.
DOI : 10.1063/1.3643690

G. M. De-naurois, M. Carras, B. Simozrag, F. Alexandre, and X. Marcadet, 32 emitters quantum cascade laser phased array, Novel In-Plane Semiconductor Lasers XI, p.82771, 2012.
DOI : 10.1117/12.909198

G. M. De-naurois, M. Carras, G. Maisons, and X. Marcadet, Effect of emitter number on quantum cascade laser monolithic phased array, Optics Letters, vol.37, issue.3, pp.425-427, 2012.
DOI : 10.1364/OL.37.000425

G. M. De-naurois, B. Simozrag, G. Maisons, V. Trinite, F. Alexandre et al., High thermal performance of ??-stripes quantum cascade laser, Applied Physics Letters, vol.101, issue.4, p.41113, 2012.
DOI : 10.1063/1.4739004

X. Other-publication, *. Marcadet, M. Carras, G. Maisons, G. M. De-naurois et al., Les lasers à cascade quantique : l'accès au moyen infrarouge Industrial patent: " Laser semiconducteur optimisé, Photoniques, vol.54, pp.54-57, 2011.