V. M. Adams, M. Mills, S. D. Jupiter, and R. L. Pressey, Improving social acceptability of marine protected area networks: A method for estimating opportunity costs to multiple gear types in both fished and currently unfished areas, Biological Conservation, vol.144, issue.1, pp.350-361, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.biocon.2010.09.012

V. M. Adams, R. L. Pressey, and R. Naidoo, Opportunity costs: Who really pays for conservation?, Biological Conservation, vol.143, issue.2, pp.439-448, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.biocon.2009.11.011

M. T. Agardy, Advances in marine conservation: the role of marine protected areas, Trends in Ecology & Evolution, vol.9, issue.7, pp.267-270, 1994.
DOI : 10.1016/0169-5347(94)90297-6

T. Agardy, P. Bridgewater, M. P. Crosby, J. C. Day, P. K. Dayton et al., Dangerous targets? Unresolved issues and ideological clashes around marine protected areas, Aquatic Conservation-Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, pp.353-367, 2003.
DOI : 10.1002/aqc.583

G. R. Almany, S. R. Connolly, D. D. Heath, J. D. Hogan, G. P. Jones et al., Connectivity, biodiversity conservation and the design of marine reserve networks for coral reefs, Coral Reefs, vol.42, issue.2, pp.339-351, 2009.
DOI : 10.1007/s00338-009-0484-x

J. N. Alridge and A. M. Davies, A high resolution three dimensional hydrodynamic model of the eastern Irish Sea journal of physical oceanography 23, 1993.

S. J. Andelman and M. R. Willig, Present patterns and future prospects for biodiversity in the Western Hemisphere, Ecology Letters, vol.11, issue.9, pp.818-824, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/0006-3207(91)90030-D

M. B. Araujo, Climate change and spatial conservation planning Spatial conservation prioritization, pp.172-184, 2009.

J. A. Ardron, The challenge of assessing whether the OSPAR network of marine protected areas is ecologically coherent, Hydrobiologia, vol.26, issue.1, pp.45-53, 2008.
DOI : 10.1007/s10750-008-9348-6

J. A. Ardron, Three initial OSPAR tests of ecological coherence: heuristics in a data-limited situation, ICES Journal of Marine Science, vol.65, issue.8, pp.1527-1533, 2008.
DOI : 10.1093/icesjms/fsn111

A. Arponen, H. Kondelin, and A. Moilanen, Area-Based Refinement for Selection of Reserve Sites with the Benefit-Function Approach, Conservation Biology, vol.40, issue.2, pp.527-533, 2006.
DOI : 10.2193/0022-541X(2005)069[0905:EADWDI]2.0.CO;2

. Balancedseas, Balanced seas Marine Conservation Zone project. Final recommendations, 2011.

I. Ball, H. Possingham, P. Watts, M. , and E. , Marxan and relatives: Software for spatial conservation prioritization, Spatial conservation prioritization, pp.185-194, 2009.

I. Ball and H. P. Possingham, Marxan -Marine Reserve Design using Spatially Explicit Annealing, 2000.

A. Balmford, J. L. Moore, T. Brooks, N. Burgess, L. A. Hansen et al., Conservation Conflicts Across Africa, Science, vol.291, issue.5513, pp.2616-2619, 2001.
DOI : 10.1126/science.291.5513.2616

N. C. Ban and C. J. Klein, Spatial socioeconomic data as a cost in systematic marine conservation planning, Conservation Letters, vol.16, issue.5, pp.206-215, 2009.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1755-263X.2009.00071.x

A. D. Barnosky, N. Matzke, S. Tomiya, G. O. Wogan, B. Swartz et al., Has the Earth???s sixth mass extinction already arrived?, Nature, vol.23, issue.7336, pp.51-57, 2011.
DOI : 10.1038/nature09678

C. R. Barrio-frojan, K. M. Cooper, J. Bremner, E. C. Defew, W. Hussin et al., Assessing the recovery of functional diversity after sustained sediment screening at an aggregate dredging site in the North Sea, Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, vol.92, issue.3, pp.358-366, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ecss.2011.01.006

M. S. Bartlett, Properties of sufficiency and statistical tests, Proceedings of the royal society of London series, pp.268-282, 1937.

G. Beaugrand, Decadal changes in climate and ecosystems in the North Atlantic Ocean and adjacent seas. Dees-sea Research II, pp.656-673, 2009.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00828579

B. Berx and S. L. Hughes, Climatology of surface and near-bed temperature and salinity on the north-west European continental shelf for 1971???2000, Continental Shelf Research, vol.29, issue.19, pp.2286-2292, 1971.
DOI : 10.1016/j.csr.2009.09.006

J. C. Blackford and F. J. Gilbert, pH variability and CO2 induced acidification in the North Sea, Journal of Marine Systems, vol.64, issue.1-4, pp.229-241, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jmarsys.2006.03.016

H. J. Bloomfield, C. J. Sweeting, A. C. Mill, S. M. Stead, and N. V. Polunin, No-trawl area impacts: perceptions, compliance and fish abundances, Environmental Conservation, vol.17, issue.03, pp.1-11
DOI : 10.1016/j.icesjms.2006.02.006

R. E. Blyth-skyrme, M. J. Kaiser, J. G. Hiddink, G. Edwards-jones, and P. J. Hart, Conservation Benefits of Temperate Marine Protected Areas: Variation among Fish Species, Conservation Biology, vol.40, issue.3, pp.811-820, 2006.
DOI : 10.1006/jmsc.1997.0223

J. A. Bohnsack, Application of marine reserves to reef fisheries management, Austral Ecology, vol.9, issue.3, pp.298-304, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/0964-5691(94)90067-1

L. W. Botsford, J. C. Castilla, and C. H. Peterson, The Management of Fisheries and Marine Ecosystems, Science, vol.277, issue.5325, pp.509-515, 1997.
DOI : 10.1126/science.277.5325.509

S. E. Boyd, K. M. Cooper, D. S. Limpenny, R. Kilbride, H. L. Rees et al., Assessment of the re-habilitation of the seabed following marine aggregate dredging, Science Series Technical Report. CEFAS, p.154, 2004.

J. M. Brylinsky and Y. Laguadeuc, L'interface eau côtière/eau du large dans le PAs de Calais (côte française): une zone frontale. Comptes-rendus de l'académie des sciences, pp.535-540, 1990.

P. Buléon and L. Shurmer-smith, Espace Manche, un monde en Europe -Channel spaces, a world within Europe, 2008.

M. Cabeza and A. Moilanen, Replacement cost: A practical measure of site value for cost-effective reserve planning, Biological Conservation, vol.132, issue.3, pp.336-342, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.biocon.2006.04.025

L. Cabioch, F. Gentil, R. Glaçon, and C. Retière, LE MACROBENTHOS DES FONDS MEUBLES DE LA MANCHE: DISTRIBUTION GENERALE ET ECOLOGIE, Biology of benthic organisms. 11th European symposium on marine biology, pp.115-128, 1977.
DOI : 10.1016/B978-0-08-021378-1.50018-X

R. B. Calinsky and J. Harabasz, A dendrite method for cluster analysis, Communications in statistics, vol.3, pp.1-27, 1974.

A. Cameron and N. Askew, EUSeaMap -Preparatory action for development and assesment for a European broad-scale seabed habitat map final report, p.240, 2011.

A. Carpentier, C. S. Martin, and S. Vaz, Channel Habitat Atlas for marine Resource Management, final report / Atlas des habitats des resources marines de la Manche orientale, rapport final (CHARM phase II) Interreg 3a Programme, p.626, 2009.

J. Carwardine, C. J. Klein, K. A. Wilson, R. L. Pressey, and H. P. Possingham, Hitting the target and missing the point: target-based conservation planning in context, Conservation Letters, vol.5, issue.1, pp.3-10, 2009.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1755-263X.2008.00042.x

J. Carwardine, W. A. Rochester, K. S. Richardson, K. J. Williams, R. L. Pressey et al., Conservation planning with irreplaceability: does the method matter?, Biodiversity and Conservation, vol.89, issue.1, pp.245-258, 2007.
DOI : 10.1007/s10531-006-9055-4

J. Carwardine, K. A. Wilson, M. Watts, A. Etter, C. J. Klein et al., Avoiding Costly Conservation Mistakes: The Importance of Defining Actions and Costs in Spatial Priority Setting, PLoS ONE, vol.133, issue.1, 2008.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0002586.g004

M. Ciarleglio, W. Barnes, J. Sarkar, and S. , ConsNet: new software for the selection of conservation area networks with spatial and multi-criteria analyses, Ecography, vol.31, issue.2, pp.205-209, 2009.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1600-0587.2008.05721.x

K. R. Clarke, Non-parametric multivariate analyses of changes in community structure, Austral Ecology, vol.28, issue.1, pp.117-143, 1993.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00265008

J. Claudet, P. Guidetti, D. Mouillot, N. T. Shears, and F. Micheli, Ecological effect of marine protected areas: conservation restoration, and fucntionning, Marine Protected Areas. A multidisciplinary approach, 2011.

J. Claudet, C. W. Osenberg, L. Benedetti-cecchi, P. Domenici, J. García-charton et al., Marine reserves: size and age do matter, Ecology Letters, vol.409, issue.5, pp.481-489, 2008.
DOI : 10.3354/meps257209

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/halsde-00286343

R. A. Coggan and M. Diesing, The seabed habitats of the central English Channel: A generation on from Holme and Cabioch, how do their interpretations match-up to modern mapping techniques?, Continental Shelf Research, vol.31, issue.2, pp.132-150, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.csr.2009.12.002

R. K. Colwell and J. A. Coddington, Estimating Terrestrial Biodiversity through Extrapolation, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, vol.345, issue.1311, pp.101-118, 1994.
DOI : 10.1098/rstb.1994.0091

D. W. Connor, P. M. Gilliand, N. Golding, P. Robinson, D. Todd et al., UKSeaMap: the mapping of seabed and water column features of UK seas. Joint Nature Conservation Committee, p.3918, 2006.

R. Costanza, R. Darge, R. Degroot, S. Farber, M. Grasso et al., The value of the world's ecosystem services and natural capital, Nature, vol.387, issue.6630, pp.253-260, 1997.
DOI : 10.1038/387253a0

M. J. Costello, Distinguishing marine habitat classification concepts for ecological data management, Marine Ecology Progress Series, vol.397, pp.253-268, 2009.
DOI : 10.3354/meps08317

R. M. Cowling, R. L. Pressey, A. T. Lombard, P. G. Desmet, and A. G. Ellis, From representation to persistence: requirements for a sustainable system of conservation areas in the species-rich mediterranean-climate desert of southern Africa, Diversity <html_ent glyph="@amp;" ascii="&"/> Distributions, vol.5, issue.1-2, pp.51-71, 1999.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00044827

J. Dauvin and O. Lozachmeur, mer côtière à forte pression anthropique propice au développement d'une gestion intégrée: exemple du bassin oriental de la Manche (Atlantique Nordest ). VertigO-La revue en sciences de l, 2006.

J. C. Dauvin, The main characteristics, problems, and prospects for Western European coastal seas, Marine Pollution Bulletin, vol.57, issue.1-5, pp.22-40, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2007.10.016

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00481051

C. E. Davies, D. Moss, and M. Hill, EUNIS habitat classification revised European environment agency, p.307, 2004.

J. Delavenne, P. Marchal, and S. Vaz, Defining a pelagic typology of the eastern English Channel. Continental shelf research 52, pp.87-96, 2013.

J. Delavenne, K. Metcalfe, R. J. Smith, S. Vaz, C. S. Martin et al., Systematic conservation planning in the eastern English Channel: comparing the Marxan and Zonation decision-support tools, ICES Journal of Marine Science, vol.69, issue.1, pp.75-83, 2012.
DOI : 10.1093/icesjms/fsr180

P. Desmet and R. Cowling, Using the species-area relationship to set baseline targets for conservation, Ecology and Society, vol.9, 2004.

M. Desprez, Physical and biological impact of marine aggregate extraction along the French coast of the Eastern English Channel: short- and long-term post-dredging restoration, ICES Journal of Marine Science, vol.57, issue.5, pp.1428-1438, 2000.
DOI : 10.1006/jmsc.2000.0926

D. Franco, A. Bussotti, S. Navone, A. Panzalis, P. Guidetti et al., Evaluating effects of total and partial restrictions to fishing on Mediterranean rocky-reef fish assemblages, Marine Ecology Progress Series, vol.387, pp.275-285, 2009.
DOI : 10.3354/meps08051

R. J. Diaz, M. Solan, and R. M. Valente, A review of approaches for classifying benthic habitats and evaluating habitat quality, Journal of Environmental Management, vol.73, issue.3, pp.165-181, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jenvman.2004.06.004

S. Díaz, S. Lavorel, F. De-bello, F. Quétier, K. Grigulis et al., Incorporating plant functional diversity effects in ecosystem service assessments, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, pp.20684-20689, 2007.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.0704716104

T. A. Dinmore, D. E. Duplisea, B. D. Rackham, D. L. Maxwell, and S. Jennings, Impact of a large-scale area closure on patterns of fishing disturbance and the consequences for benthic communities, ICES Journal of Marine Science, vol.60, issue.2, pp.371-380, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S1054-3139(03)00010-9

F. Douvere, The importance of marine spatial planning in advancing ecosystem-based sea use management, Marine Policy, vol.32, issue.5, pp.762-771, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.marpol.2008.03.021

N. Dudley and J. Parish, Closing the Gap Creating ecologically representative protected area systems: A guide to conducting the gap assessments of protected area systems for the Convention on Biological Diversity, Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity, p.108, 2006.

P. D. Eastwood, C. M. Mills, J. N. Aldridge, C. A. Houghton, and S. I. Rogers, Human activities in UK offshore waters: an assessment of direct, physical pressure on the seabed, ICES Journal of Marine Science, vol.64, issue.3, pp.453-463, 2007.
DOI : 10.1093/icesjms/fsm001

J. Elith and J. Leathwick, The contribution of species distribution modelling to conservation prioritization Spatial conservation prioritization, pp.70-93, 2009.

C. Ellien, E. Thiebaut, F. Dumas, J. C. Salomon, and P. Nival, A modelling study of the respective role of hydrodynamic processes and larval mortality on larval dispersal and recruitment of benthic invertebrates: example of Pectinaria koreni (Annelida: Polychaeta) in the Bay of Seine (English Channel), Journal of Plankton Research, vol.26, issue.2, pp.117-132, 2004.
DOI : 10.1093/plankt/fbh018

J. R. Ellis and S. I. Rogers, Distribution and structure of faunal assemblages and their associated physical conditions on the Atlantic continental shelf of the British Isles, ICES CM, p.3, 2004.

E. Environment and A. , EUNIS Habitat Classification, European Environment Agency, 2006.

P. M. Fearnside and J. Ferraz, A Conservation Gap Analysis of Brazil's Amazonian Vegetation, Conservation Biology, vol.260, issue.96, pp.1134-1147, 1995.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1523-1739.1995.9051127.x-i1

L. Fernandes, J. Day, A. Lewis, S. Slegers, B. Kerrigan et al., Establishing Representative No-Take Areas in the Great Barrier Reef: Large-Scale Implementation of Theory on Marine Protected Areas, Conservation Biology, vol.293, issue.6, pp.1733-1744, 2005.
DOI : 10.2307/2641155

S. Ferrier, G. Manion, J. Elith, and K. Richardson, Using generalized dissimilarity modelling to analyse and predict patterns of beta diversity in regional biodiversity assessment, Diversity and distributions 13, pp.252-264, 2007.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1472-4642.2007.00341.x

S. W. Ferrier and . Brendan, Quantitative approaches to spatial conservation prioritization: matching the solution to the need Spatial conservation prioritization, pp.1-15, 2009.

S. A. Field, D. J. O-'connor, and A. J. Tyre, Making monitoring meaningful, Austral Ecology, vol.32, issue.5, pp.485-491, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/S0169-5347(01)02205-4

A. Foveau, Habitats et communautés benthique du bassin oriental de la Manche, p.308, 2009.

S. Fraschetti, J. Claudet, and G. Kirsten, Trasitionning from single-sector management to ecosytem-based management: what can marine protected areas offer?, Marine Protected Areas. A multidiciplinary approach, 2011.

E. T. Game, H. S. Grantham, A. J. Hobday, R. L. Pressey, A. T. Lombard et al., Pelagic protected areas: the missing dimension in ocean conservation, Trends in Ecology & Evolution, vol.24, issue.7, pp.360-369, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.tree.2009.01.011

E. T. Game, M. E. Watts, S. Wooldridge, and H. P. Possingham, PLANNING FOR PERSISTENCE IN MARINE RESERVES: A QUESTION OF CATASTROPHIC IMPORTANCE, Ecological Applications, vol.18, issue.3, pp.670-680, 2008.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00055789

F. R. Gell and C. M. Roberts, Benefits beyond boundaries: the fishery effects of marine reserves, Trends in Ecology & Evolution, vol.18, issue.9, pp.448-455, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0169-5347(03)00189-7

R. N. Gibson, Behaviour and the distribution of flatfishes, Journal of Sea Research, vol.37, issue.3-4, pp.241-256, 1997.
DOI : 10.1016/S1385-1101(97)00019-1

W. Gladstone, Requirements for marine protected areas to conserve the biodiveristy of rocky reef fishes Aquatic conservation; Marine and Freshwater ecosystems 17, pp.71-87, 2007.

M. Glemarec, D. Bellan-santini, F. Bensettiti, F. Bioret, and J. Roland, Les habitats marins Connaissance et gestion des habitats et des espèces d'intérêt communautaire. Habitats Côtiers. Cahiers d'habitats., La documentation française ed, 2005.

R. Goñi, F. Badalamenti, and M. H. Tupper, Effects of Marine Protected Areas on local fisheries: evidence from empiricals tudies, Marine Protected Areas. A multidisciplinary approach, 2011.

J. C. Gower, A General Coefficient of Similarity and Some of Its Properties, Biometrics, vol.27, issue.4, pp.857-871, 1971.
DOI : 10.2307/2528823

E. J. Gregr, A. L. Ahrens, and R. I. Perry, Reconciling classifications of ecologically and biologically significant areas in the world???s oceans, Marine Policy, vol.36, issue.3, pp.716-726, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.marpol.2011.10.009

K. Grorud-colvert, J. Claudet, M. Carr, J. Caselle, J. Day et al., NETWORKS ??? The assessment of marine reserve networks: guidelines for ecological evaluation, Marine Protected Areas. A multidisciplinary approach, 2011.
DOI : 10.1017/CBO9781139049382.016

A. Grüss, D. M. Kaplan, and D. R. Hart, Relative Impacts of Adult Movement, Larval Dispersal and Harvester Movement on the Effectiveness of Reserve Networks, PLoS ONE, vol.49, issue.5, 2011.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0019960.s003

L. Guidi, F. Ibanez, V. Calcagno, and G. Beaugrand, A new procedure to optimize the selection of groups in a classification tree: Applications for ecological data, Ecological Modelling, vol.220, issue.4, pp.451-461, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2008.11.006

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00766731

A. Guisan, A. Lehmann, S. Ferrier, M. P. Austin, J. M. Overton et al., Making better biogeographical predictions of species' distributions, Journal of Applied Ecology, vol.58, issue.3, pp.386-392, 2006.
DOI : 10.1002/sim.1822

R. Haight, G. Snyder, and A. Stephanie, Integer programming methods for reserve selection and design, Spatial conservation prioritization, pp.43-57, 2009.

B. S. Halpern, THE IMPACT OF MARINE RESERVES: DO RESERVES WORK AND DOES RESERVE SIZE MATTER?, Ecological Applications, vol.13, issue.sp1, pp.117-137, 2003.
DOI : 10.1890/1051-0761(2003)013[0117:TIOMRD]2.0.CO;2

B. S. Halpern, S. E. Lester, and K. L. Macleod, Placing marine protected areas onto the ecosystembased management seascape, Proceedings of the royal academy of Sciences of tje United states of America, pp.18312-18317, 2010.

B. S. Halpern, S. Walbridge, K. A. Selkoe, C. V. Kappel, F. Micheli et al., A Global Map of Human Impact on Marine Ecosystems, Science, vol.319, issue.5865, pp.948-952, 2008.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1149345

B. S. Halpern and R. R. Warner, Marine reserves have rapid and lasting effects, Ecology Letters, vol.168, issue.3, pp.361-366, 2002.
DOI : 10.1007/s003380050077

B. S. Halpern and R. R. Warner, Matching marine reserve design to reserve objectives, Proceedings of the royal society of London series, pp.1871-1878, 2003.

J. G. Hiddink, T. Hutton, S. Jennings, and M. J. Kaiser, Predicting the effects of area closures and fishing effort restrictions on the production, biomass, and species richness of benthic invertebrate communities, ICES Journal of Marine Science, vol.63, issue.5, pp.822-830, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.icesjms.2006.02.006

J. G. Hiddink, A. F. Johnson, R. Kingham, and H. Hinz, Could our fisheries be more productive? Indirect negative effects of bottom trawl fisheries on fish condition, Journal of Applied Ecology, vol.62, issue.Suppl. B, pp.1441-1449, 2011.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-2664.2011.02036.x

H. Hinz, V. Prieto, and M. J. Kaiser, Trawl disturbance on benthic communities: chronic effects and experimental predictions, Ecological Applications, vol.19, issue.3, pp.761-773, 2009.
DOI : 10.3354/meps341111

N. A. Holme, The bottom fauna of the English Channel. Part II, Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, vol.46, issue.02, 1966.
DOI : 10.1017/S0025315400027193

K. L. Howell, A benthic classification system to aid in the implementation of marine protected area networks in the deep/high seas of the NE Atlantic, Biological Conservation, vol.143, issue.5, pp.1041-1056, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.biocon.2010.02.001

J. B. Hughes, G. C. Daily, and P. R. Ehrlich, Population diveristy, its extent and exctinction, Science, vol.278, 1997.

O. Guldberg, J. B. Jackson, J. Kleypas, J. M. Lough, P. Marshall et al., Climate Change, Human Impacts, and the Resilience of Coral Reefs, Science, vol.301, pp.929-933, 2003.

J. B. Jackson, M. X. Kirby, W. H. Berger, K. A. Bjorndal, L. W. Botsford et al., Historical Overfishing and the Recent Collapse of Coastal Ecosystems, Science, vol.293, issue.5530, pp.629-638, 2001.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1059199

S. Jennings and M. J. Kaiser, The Effects of Fishing on Marine Ecosystems, Advances in Marine Biology, vol.34, p.201, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S0065-2881(08)60212-6

S. Jennings, K. J. Warr, S. P. Greenstreet, and A. J. Cotter, Spatial and temporal patterns in North Sea fishing effort, Effects of fishing on no-target species and habitats. Blackwell science, 2000.

A. Jiménez-valverde and J. M. Lobo, Threshold criteria for conversion of probability of species presence to either???or presence???absence, Acta Oecologica, vol.31, issue.3, pp.361-369, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.actao.2007.02.001

J. and N. England, Marine Conservation Zone Project Draft) Joint Nature Conservation Committee and Natural England, 143pp Available online at, Ecological Network Guidance, 2010.

J. Justus, T. Fuller, and S. Sarkar, Influence of Representation Targets on the Total Area of Conservation-Area Networks, Conservation Biology, vol.21, issue.3, pp.673-682, 2008.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1523-1739.2004.00538.x

J. Justus and S. Sarkar, The principle of complementarity in the design of reserve networks to conserve biodiversity: A preliminary history, Journal of Biosciences, vol.11, issue.Suppl. 2, pp.421-135, 2002.
DOI : 10.1007/BF02704970

M. J. Kaiser, Are marine protected areas a red herring or fisheries panacea?, Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, vol.62, issue.5, pp.1194-1199, 2005.
DOI : 10.1139/f05-056

M. J. Kaiser, K. Ramsay, C. A. Richardson, F. E. Spence, and A. R. Brand, Chronic fishing disturbance has changed shelf sea benthic community structure, Journal of Animal Ecology, vol.50, issue.3, pp.494-503, 2000.
DOI : 10.1006/jmsc.1994.1009

G. Kelleher and R. Kenchington, Guidelines for establishing marine protected areas. A marine conservation and development report, p.79, 1992.

J. B. Kirkpatrick, An iterative method for establishing priorities for the selection of nature reserves: An example from Tasmania, Biological Conservation, vol.25, issue.2, pp.127-134, 1983.
DOI : 10.1016/0006-3207(83)90056-3

C. J. Klein, A. Chan, L. Kircher, A. J. Cundiff, N. Gardner et al., Striking a Balance between Biodiversity Conservation and Socioeconomic Viability in the Design of Marine Protected Areas, Conservation Biology, vol.15, issue.3, pp.691-700, 2008.
DOI : 10.1111/j.2007.0030-1299.16167.x

C. J. Klein, C. Steinback, A. J. Scholz, and H. P. Possingham, Effectiveness of marine reserve networks in representing biodiversity and minimizing impact to fishermen: a comparison of two approaches used in California, Conservation Letters, vol.116, issue.1, pp.44-51, 2008.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1755-263X.2008.00005.x

C. J. Klein, C. Steinback, M. Watts, A. J. Scholz, and H. Possingham, Spatial marine zoning for fisheries and conservation, Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.envsoft.2009.06.005

C. J. Klein, C. Steinback, M. Watts, A. J. Scholz, and H. P. Possingham, Spatial marine zoning for fisheries and conservation, Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, vol.8, issue.7, pp.349-353, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.envsoft.2009.06.005

C. J. Klein, K. A. Wilson, M. Watts, J. Stein, J. Carwardine et al., Spatial conservation prioritization inclusive of wilderness quality: A case study of Australia???s biodiversity, Biological Conservation, vol.142, issue.7, pp.1282-1290, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.biocon.2009.01.035

A. T. Knight, R. M. Cowling, and B. M. Campbell, An Operational Model for Implementing Conservation Action, Conservation Biology, vol.20, issue.2, pp.408-419, 2006.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1526-4629.2000.tb00156.x

P. Koubbi, C. Loots, G. Cotonnec, X. Harlay, A. Grioche et al., Spatial patterns and GIS habitat modelling of Solea solea, Pleuronectes flesus and Limanda limanda fish larave in the eastern english Channel during the spring, 2006.

P. Koubbi, M. Moteki, G. Duhamel, A. Goarant, P. Hulley et al., Ecoregionalization of myctophid fish in the Indian sector of the Southern Ocean: Results from generalized dissimilarity models, Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, vol.58, issue.1-2, pp.170-180, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.09.007

C. Larsonneur, P. Bouysse, and J. P. Auffret, The superficial sediments of the English Channel and its Western Approaches, Sedimentology, vol.79, issue.2, pp.851-864, 1982.
DOI : 10.1016/0025-3227(70)90078-2

V. Lauria, S. Vaz, C. S. Martin, S. Mackinson, and A. Carpentier, What influences European plaice (Pleuronectes platessa) distribution in the eastern English Channel? Using habitat modelling and GIS to predict habitat utilization, ICES Journal of Marine Science, vol.68, issue.7, pp.1500-1510, 2011.
DOI : 10.1093/icesjms/fsr081

J. Leathwick, A. Moilanen, M. Francis, J. Elith, P. Taylor et al., Novel methods for the design and evaluation of marine protected areas in offshore waters, Conservation Letters, vol.70, issue.2, pp.91-102, 2008.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1755-263X.2008.00012.x

J. Lee, A. B. South, and S. Jennings, Developing reliable, repeatable, and accessible methods to provide high-resolution estimates of fishing-effort distributions from vessel monitoring system (VMS) data, ICES Journal of Marine Science, vol.67, issue.6, pp.1260-1271, 2010.
DOI : 10.1093/icesjms/fsq010

P. Legendre and L. Legendre, Numerical Ecology, 1998.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00530195

S. Lelievre, M. Jerome, G. E. Maes, S. Vaz, S. Calaivany et al., Integrating molecular identification of pelagic eggs??with geostatistical mapping to improve the delineation of North Sea fish spawning grounds, Marine Ecology Progress Series, vol.445, pp.161-172, 2012.
DOI : 10.3354/meps09443

H. Leslie, M. Ruckelshaus, I. R. Ball, S. Andelman, and H. P. Possingham, USING SITING ALGORITHMS IN THE DESIGN OF MARINE RESERVE NETWORKS, Ecological Applications, vol.13, issue.sp1, pp.185-198, 2003.
DOI : 10.1890/1051-0761(2003)013[0185:USAITD]2.0.CO;2

S. E. Lester and B. S. Halpern, Biological responses in marin no-take reserves versus partially protected areas, Marine Ecology Progress Series, vol.367, pp.46-56, 2008.

S. E. Lester, B. S. Halpern, and K. Grorud-colvert, Biological effects within no-take marine reserves: a global synthesis, Marine Ecology Progress Series, vol.384, pp.33-46, 2009.
DOI : 10.3354/meps08029

C. Loots, Contrôles de la distribution spatiale de l'habitat de reproduction chez les populations de poissons Approche multi-modèles appliquée à la plie, 2009.

C. Loots, S. Vaz, P. Koubbi, B. Planque, F. Coppin et al., Inter-annual variability of North Sea plaice spawning habitat, Journal of Sea Research, vol.64, issue.4, pp.427-435, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.seares.2010.01.007

S. Lozach, Habitats benthiques marins du bassin oriental de la Manche: Enjeux écologiques dans le contexte d'extraction de granulats marins, p.308, 2011.

S. Lozach and J. Dauvin, Temporal stability of a coarse sediment community in the Central Eastern English Channel Paleovalleys, Journal of Sea Research, vol.71, pp.14-24, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.seares.2012.03.007

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00702248

S. Mahévas and D. Pelletier, ISIS-Fish, a generic and spatially explicit simulation tool for evaluating the impact of management measures on fisheries dynamics, Ecological Modelling, vol.171, issue.1-2, pp.65-84, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2003.04.001

C. R. Margules and R. L. Pressey, Systematic conservation planning, Nature, vol.405, issue.6783, pp.243-253, 2000.
DOI : 10.1038/35012251

C. R. Margules, R. L. Pressey, and P. H. Williams, Representing biodiversity: Data and procedures for identifying priority areas for conservation, Journal of Biosciences, vol.27, issue.Suppl. 2, pp.309-326, 2002.
DOI : 10.1007/BF02704962

C. R. Margules and S. Sarkar, Systematic conservation planning, Nature, vol.405, issue.6783, 2007.
DOI : 10.1038/35012251

C. S. Martin, A. Carpentier, S. Vaz, F. Coppin, L. Curet et al., The Channel habitat atlas for marine resource management (CHARM): an aid for planning and decision-making in an area under strong anthropogenic pressure, Aquatic Living Resources, vol.22, issue.4, pp.499-508, 2009.
DOI : 10.1051/alr/2009051

C. S. Martin, S. Vaz, J. R. Ellis, F. Coppin, L. Roy et al., Spatio-temporal patterns in demersal elasmobranchs from trawl surveys in the eastern English Channel (1988???2008), Marine Ecology Progress Series, vol.417, pp.211-228, 1988.
DOI : 10.3354/meps08802

K. L. Mcleod, J. Lubchenco, S. R. Palumbi, and A. A. Rosenberg, Scientific consensus statement on marine ecosystemèbased management. Signed by 219 academic scientists and policy experts and published by the Communication partnership for Science and the Sea, 2005.

A. Mcquatters-gollop, D. E. Raitsos, M. Edwards, Y. Pradhan, L. D. Mee et al., A long-term chlorophyll dataset reveals regime shift in North Sea phytoplankton biomass unconnected to nutrient levels, Limnology and Oceanography, vol.52, issue.2, pp.635-648, 2007.
DOI : 10.4319/lo.2007.52.2.0635

K. Metcalfe, J. Delavenne, C. Garcia, A. Foveau, J. Dauvin et al., Impacts of data quality on the setting of conservation planning targets using the species-area relationship, Diversity and Distributions, vol.42, issue.1, pp.1-13, 2012.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1472-4642.2012.00921.x

G. W. Milligan and M. C. Cooper, An examination of procedures for determining the number of clusters in a data set, Psychometrika, vol.77, issue.2, pp.159-179, 1985.
DOI : 10.1007/BF02294245

M. Mills, S. D. Jupiter, R. L. Pressey, N. C. Ban, and J. Comley, Incorporating Effectiveness of Community-Based Management in a National Marine Gap Analysis for Fiji, Conservation Biology, vol.42, issue.6, pp.1155-1164, 2011.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1523-1739.2011.01749.x

A. Moilanen, Methods for reserve selection: Interior point search, Biological Conservation, vol.124, issue.4, pp.485-492, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.biocon.2005.02.012

A. Moilanen, Landscape Zonation, benefit functions and target-based planning: Unifying reserve selection strategies, Biological Conservation, vol.134, issue.4, pp.571-579, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.biocon.2006.09.008

A. Moilanen, A. M. Franco, R. I. Early, R. Fox, B. Wintle et al., Prioritizing multiple-use landscapes for conservation: methods for large multi-species planning problems, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B-Biological Sciences, pp.1885-1891, 2005.
DOI : 10.1038/35102054

A. Moilanen, H. Kujala, and J. R. Leathwick, The Zonation framework and software for conservation prioritization Spatial conservation prioritization, pp.196-210, 2009.

A. Moilanen, H. Possingham, P. Wilson, and K. A. , Spatial conservation prioritization; past, present, future Spatial conservation prioritization, pp.260-268, 2009.

A. Moilanen, K. A. Wilson, and H. Possingham, Spatial conservation prioritization: quantitative methods and computational tools, 2009.

A. Moilanen and B. A. Wintle, The Boundary-Quality Penalty: a Quantitative Method for Approximating Species Responses to Fragmentation in Reserve Selection, Conservation Biology, vol.13, issue.2, pp.355-364, 2007.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1442-9993.2005.01514.x

D. Mouillot, J. M. Culioli, D. Pelletier, and J. A. Tomasini, Do we protect biological originality in protected areas? A new index and an application to the Bonifacio Strait Natural Reserve, Biological Conservation, vol.141, issue.6, pp.1569-1580, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.biocon.2008.04.002

R. Naidoo, A. Balmford, P. J. Ferraro, S. Polasky, T. H. Ricketts et al., Integrating economic costs into conservation planning, Trends in Ecology & Evolution, vol.21, issue.12, pp.681-687, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.tree.2006.10.003

J. Naturalengland, The marine conservation zone project: Ecological Network Guidance, 2010.

J. E. Neigel, SPECIES???AREA RELATIONSHIPS AND MARINE CONSERVATION, Ecological Applications, vol.13, issue.sp1, pp.138-145, 2003.
DOI : 10.2307/3544109

B. A. Nhancale and R. J. Smith, The influence of planning unit characteristics on the efficiency and spatial pattern of systematic conservation planning assessments, Biodiversity and Conservation, vol.142, issue.8, pp.1821-1835, 2011.
DOI : 10.1007/s10531-011-0063-7

E. Nicholson and O. Ovaskainen, Conservation prioritization using metapopulation models Spatial conservation prioritization, pp.110-121, 2009.

R. F. Noss, Indicators for Monitoring Biodiversity: A Hierarchical Approach, Conservation Biology, vol.47, issue.5, pp.355-364, 1990.
DOI : 10.1016/0006-3207(83)90005-8

O. Leary, B. C. Brown, R. L. Johnson, D. E. Von-nordheim, H. Ardron et al., The first network of marine protected areas (MPAs) in the high seas: The process, the challenges and where next, Marine Policy, vol.36, issue.3, pp.598-605, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.marpol.2011.11.003

T. E. Oldfield, R. J. Smith, S. R. Harrop, and N. Leader-williams, A gap analysis of terrestrial protected areas in England and its implications for conservation policy, Biological Conservation, vol.120, issue.3, pp.303-309, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.biocon.2004.03.003

O. Opermanis, B. Macsharry, A. Aunins, and Z. Sipkova, Connectedness and connectivity of the Natura 2000 network of protected areas across country borders in the European Union, Biological Conservation, vol.153, pp.227-238, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.biocon.2012.04.031

S. J. Ormerod, Current issues with fish and fisheries: editor's overview and introduction, Journal of Applied Ecology, vol.12, issue.Suppl., pp.204-213, 2003.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1365-2664.2003.00824.x

S. R. Palumbi, MARINE RESERVES AND OCEAN NEIGHBORHOODS: The Spatial Scale of Marine Populations and Their Management, Annual Review of Environment and Resources, vol.29, issue.1, pp.31-68, 2004.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.energy.29.062403.102254

M. A. Pastoors, A. D. Rijnsdorp, and F. A. Van-beek, Effects of a partially closed area in the North Sea (???plaice box???) on stock development of plaice, ICES Journal of Marine Science, vol.57, issue.4, pp.1014-1022, 2000.
DOI : 10.1006/jmsc.2000.0586

D. Pauly, V. Christensen, S. Guénette, T. J. Pitcher, U. R. Sumaila et al., Towards sustainability in world fisheries, Nature, vol.52, issue.6898, pp.689-695, 2002.
DOI : 10.3354/meps154065

D. Pauly, R. Watson, and J. Alder, Global trends in world fisheries: impacts on marine ecosystems and food security, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, vol.360, issue.1453, pp.5-12, 2005.
DOI : 10.1098/rstb.2004.1574

J. A. Pechenik, On the advantages and disadvantages of larval stages in benthic marine invertebrate life cycles, Marine Ecology Progress Series, vol.177, pp.269-297, 1999.
DOI : 10.3354/meps177269

C. J. Philippart, R. Anadón, R. Danovaro, J. W. Dippner, K. F. Drinkwater et al., Impacts of climate change on European marine ecosystems: Observations, expectations and indicators, Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, vol.400, issue.1-2, pp.52-69, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jembe.2011.02.023

G. J. Piet and A. D. Rijnsdorp, Changes in the demersal fish assemblage in the south-eastern North Sea following the establishment of a protected area (''plaice box''), ICES Journal of Marine Science, vol.55, issue.3, pp.420-429, 1998.
DOI : 10.1006/jmsc.1997.0327

H. P. Possingham, I. Ball, and S. Andelman, Mathematical Methods for Identifying Representative Reserve Networks, quantitative methods in conservation biology, 2000.
DOI : 10.1007/0-387-22648-6_17

H. P. Possingham, . Wilson, and A. Kerrie, Accounting for habitat dynamics in conservation planning, Spatial conservation Prioritization, pp.135-144, 2009.

G. V. Powell, J. Barborak, S. Rodriguez, and M. , Assessing representativeness of protected natural areas in Costa Rica for conserving biodiversity, Biological Conservation, vol.93, issue.1, pp.35-41, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0006-3207(99)00115-9

R. L. Pressey, Ad Hoc Reservations: Forward or Backward Steps in Developing Representative Reserve Systems?, Conservation Biology, vol.8, issue.3, pp.662-668, 1994.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1523-1739.1994.08030662.x

R. L. Pressey, R. M. Cowling, and M. Rouget, Formulating conservation targets for biodiversity pattern and process in the Cape Floristic Region, South Africa, Biological Conservation, vol.112, issue.1-2, pp.99-127, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0006-3207(02)00424-X

R. L. Pressey and O. Nicholls, Reserve selection in the western division of New south Wales: development of a enw procedure based on land system mapping, 1991.

R. L. Pressey, M. Watts, E. Barett, T. , W. Ridges et al., The C-Plan conservation planning system: Origins, applications, ans possible futures, Spatial conservation prioritization, pp.211-234, 2009.

H. E. Regan, J. Michelle, . Burgman, and A. Mark, Conservation prioritization and uncertainty in planning inputs, Sptial Conservation prioritization, pp.145-157, 2009.

J. Reynaud, B. Tessier, J. Auffret, S. Berné, M. De-batist et al., The offshore Quaternary sediment bodies of the English Channel and its Western Approaches, Journal of Quaternary Science, vol.169, issue.3-4, pp.361-371, 1993.
DOI : 10.1002/jqs.758

E. A. Richardson, M. J. Kaiser, G. Edwards-jones, and H. P. Possingham, Sensitivity of Marine-Reserve Design to the Spatial Resolution of Socioeconomic Data, Conservation Biology, vol.9, issue.4, pp.1191-1202, 2006.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1523-1739.2006.00426.x

C. M. Roberts, Our shifting perspectives on the oceans, Oryx, vol.37, issue.02, pp.166-177, 2003.
DOI : 10.1017/S0030605303000358

C. M. Roberts, The unnatural history of the sea, 2007.

C. M. Roberts, S. Andelman, G. Branch, R. H. Bustamante, J. C. Castilla et al., ECOLOGICAL CRITERIA FOR EVALUATING CANDIDATE SITES FOR MARINE RESERVES, Ecological Applications, vol.13, issue.sp1, pp.199-214, 2003.
DOI : 10.1890/1051-0761(2003)013[0199:ECFECS]2.0.CO;2

C. M. Roberts, G. Branch, R. H. Bustamante, J. C. Castilla, J. Dugan et al., APPLICATION OF ECOLOGICAL CRITERIA IN SELECTING MARINE RESERVES AND DEVELOPING RESERVE NETWORKS, Ecological Applications, vol.13, issue.sp1, pp.215-228, 2003.
DOI : 10.1890/1051-0761(2003)013[0215:AOECIS]2.0.CO;2

C. M. Roberts, J. P. Hawkins, and F. R. Gell, The role of marine reserves in achieving sustainable fisheries, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, vol.360, issue.1453, pp.123-132, 2005.
DOI : 10.1098/rstb.2004.1578

A. S. Rodrigues, S. J. Andelman, M. I. Bakarr, L. Boitani, T. M. Brooks et al., Effectiveness of the global protected area network in representing species diversity, Nature, vol.428, issue.6983, pp.640-643, 2004.
DOI : 10.1038/nature02422

C. Rondinini, Meeting the MPA network design principles of representation and adequacy: developing species-area curves for habitats, 2011.

C. Rondinini, A review of methodologies that could be used to formulate ecologically meaningful targets for marine habitat coverage within th UK MPA network, JNCC, 2011.

C. Rondinini and F. Chiozza, Quantitative methods for defining percentage area targets for habitat types in conservation planning, Biological Conservation, vol.143, issue.7, pp.1646-1653, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.biocon.2010.03.037

C. Rondinini, K. A. Wilson, L. Boitani, H. Grantham, and H. P. Possingham, Tradeoffs of different types of species occurrence data for use in systematic conservation planning, Ecology Letters, vol.69, issue.10, pp.1136-1145, 2006.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2006.00970.x

A. A. Rosenberg and K. L. Mcleod, Implementing ecosystem-based approaches to management for the conservation of ecosystem services, Marine Ecology Progress Series, vol.300, pp.241-296, 2005.
DOI : 10.3354/meps300270

M. L. Rosenzweig, Species diversity in space and time, 1995.
DOI : 10.1017/CBO9780511623387

M. Ruckelshaus, T. Klinger, N. Knowlton, and D. P. Demaster, Marine Ecosystem-based Management in Practice: Scientific and Governance Challenges, BioScience, vol.58, issue.1, pp.53-63, 2008.
DOI : 10.1641/B580110

S. Sarkar, T. Fuller, A. Aggarwal, A. Moffett, C. Kelley et al., The ConsNet software platform for systematic conservation planning, Spatial conservation prioritization Oxford univeristy Press, pp.235-248, 2009.

S. Sarkar, R. L. Pressey, D. P. Faith, C. R. Margules, T. Fuller et al., Biodiversity Conservation Planning Tools: Present Status and Challenges for the Future, Annual Review of Environment and Resources, vol.31, issue.1, pp.123-159, 2006.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.energy.31.042606.085844

C. Schrum, I. Alekseeva, . St, and M. John, Development of a coupled physical???biological ecosystem model ECOSMO, Journal of Marine Systems, vol.61, issue.1-2, pp.79-99, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jmarsys.2006.01.005

J. M. Scott, F. W. Davis, R. G. Mcghie, R. G. Wright, C. Groves et al., NATURE RESERVES: DO THEY CAPTURE THE FULL RANGE OF AMERICA'S BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY?, Ecological Applications, vol.11, issue.4, pp.999-1007, 2001.
DOI : 10.2307/1310258

D. B. Segan, E. T. Game, M. E. Watts, R. R. Stewart, and H. P. Possingham, An interoperable decision support tool for conservation planning. Environmental Modelling &amp, pp.1434-1441, 2011.

A. L. Shanks, B. A. Grantham, and M. H. Carr, PROPAGULE DISPERSAL DISTANCE AND THE SIZE AND SPACING OF MARINE RESERVES, Ecological Applications, vol.13, issue.sp1, pp.159-169, 2003.
DOI : 10.1890/1051-0761(2003)013[0159:PDDATS]2.0.CO;2

R. J. Smith, Conservation Land-Use Zoning (CLUZ) Software. http://www.mosaicconservation .org/cluz. Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology, 2004.

R. J. Smith, E. Di-minin, S. Linke, D. B. Segan, and H. P. Possingham, An approach for ensuring minimum protected area size in systematic conservation planning, Biological Conservation, vol.143, issue.11, pp.2525-2531, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.biocon.2010.06.019

R. J. Smith, J. Easton, B. A. Nhancale, A. J. Armstrong, J. Culverwell et al., Designing a transfrontier conservation landscape for the Maputaland centre of endemism using biodiversity, economic and threat data, Biological Conservation, vol.141, issue.8, pp.2127-2138, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.biocon.2008.06.010

R. J. Smith, P. D. Eastwood, Y. Ota, and S. I. Rogers, Developing best practice for using Marxan to locate Marine Protected Areas in European waters, ICES Journal of Marine Science, vol.66, issue.1, pp.188-194, 2009.
DOI : 10.1093/icesjms/fsn198

R. J. Smith, P. S. Goodman, and W. S. Matthews, Systematic conservation planning: a review of perceived limitations and an illustration of the benefits, using a case study from Maputaland, South Africa, Oryx, vol.40, issue.04, pp.400-410, 2006.
DOI : 10.1017/S0030605306001232

P. H. Sneath and R. R. Sokal, Numerical taxonomy -the principles and practice of numerical classification, Freeman, W.H, 1973.

M. E. Soule and M. A. Sanjayan, Ecology -Conservation targets: Do they help?, Science, vol.279, pp.2060-2061, 1998.

V. Stelzenmüller and J. K. Pinnegar, FISHERIES ??? Monitoring fisheries effects of marine protected areas: current approaches and the need for integrated assessments, Marine Protected Areas. A multidisciplinary approach, 2011.
DOI : 10.1017/CBO9781139049382.011

R. Stewart and H. Possingham, Efficiency, costs and trade-offs in marine reserve system design, Environmental Modeling & Assessment, vol.19, issue.4, pp.203-213, 2005.
DOI : 10.1007/s10666-005-9001-y

G. Sundblad, U. Bergström, and A. Sandström, Ecological coherence of marine protected area networks: a spatial assessment using species distribution models, Journal of Applied Ecology, vol.24, issue.Suppl. 1, pp.112-120, 2011.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-2664.2010.01892.x

L. K. Svancara, R. Brannon, J. M. Scott, C. R. Groves, R. F. Noss et al., Policy-driven versus Evidence-based Conservation: A Review of Political Targets and Biological Needs, BioScience, vol.55, issue.11, pp.989-995, 2005.
DOI : 10.1641/0006-3568(2005)055[0989:PVECAR]2.0.CO;2

F. Vandeperre, R. M. Higgins, J. Sánchez-meca, F. Maynou, R. Goñi et al., Effects of no-take area size and age of marine protected areas on fisheries yields: a meta-analytical approach, Fish and Fisheries, vol.172, issue.4, pp.412-426, 2011.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1467-2979.2010.00401.x

S. Vaz, A. Carpentier, and F. Coppin, Eastern English Channel fish assemblages: measuring the structuring effect of habitats on distinct sub-communities, ICES Journal of Marine Science, vol.64, issue.2, pp.271-287, 2007.
DOI : 10.1093/icesjms/fsl031

S. Vaz, A. Carpentier, and F. Coppin, Modelling fish communities habitat in the eastern english Channel: Tentative prediction of habitat distribution change under different climatic variation scenarios, ICES conference, 2008.

Y. Vermard, E. Rivot, S. Mahévas, P. Marchal, and D. Gascuel, Identifying fishing trip behaviour and estimating fishing effort from VMS data using Bayesian Hidden Markov Models, Ecological Modelling, vol.221, issue.15, pp.1757-1769, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2010.04.005

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00729534

L. Vong, Des aires marines protégées, 2010.

C. C. Walton, W. G. Pichel, F. J. Sapper, and D. A. Andmay, The development of operationnal application of non linear algorithms for the measurement of sea surface temperatures with NOAA polarorbiting environmental satellites, pp.27999-28102, 1998.

L. D. Warman, A. R. Sinclair, G. G. Scudder, B. Klinkenberg, and R. L. Pressey, Sensitivity of Systematic Reserve Selection to Decisions about Scale, Biological Data, and Targets: Case Study from Southern British Columbia, Conservation Biology, vol.19, issue.3, pp.655-666, 2004.
DOI : 10.1126/science.279.5359.2106

M. E. Watts, I. R. Ball, R. S. Stewart, C. J. Klein, K. Wilson et al., Marxan with Zones: Software for optimal conservation based land- and sea-use zoning, Environmental Modelling & Software, vol.24, issue.12, pp.1513-1521, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.envsoft.2009.06.005

R. Webster and M. A. Oliver, Geostatistics for environment scientists, 2001.

R. J. Whittaker, M. B. Araújo, J. Paul, R. J. Ladle, J. E. Watson et al., Conservation Biogeography: assessment and prospect, Diversity and Distributions, vol.295, issue.263, pp.3-23, 2005.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1366-9516.2005.00143.x

K. A. Wilson, M. Cabeza, C. Klein, and J. , Fundamental concepts of spatial conservation prioritization, Spatial Conservation Prioritization, pp.16-27, 2009.

L. J. Wood, L. Fish, J. Laughren, and D. Pauly, Assessing progress towards global marine protection targets: shortfalls in information and action, Oryx, vol.66, issue.03, pp.340-351, 2008.
DOI : 10.1098/rstb.2004.1578

B. Worm, E. B. Barbier, N. Beaumont, J. E. Duffy, C. Folke et al., Impacts of Biodiversity Loss on Ocean Ecosystem Services, Science, vol.314, issue.5800, pp.787-790, 2006.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1132294