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            <title xml:lang="en">Ocean response and feedback to tropical cyclones in the South Pacific: processes and climatology</title>
            <title xml:lang="fr">Interactions océan-atmosphère au sein des cyclones tropicaux du Pacifique Sud : processus et climatologie</title>
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                <title xml:lang="en">Ocean response and feedback to tropical cyclones in the South Pacific: processes and climatology</title>
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                <term xml:lang="en">tropical cyclones</term>
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                <term xml:lang="en">coupling</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">air-sea interactions</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">cyclones tropicaux</term>
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              <p>Tropical cyclone (TC)-ocean interactions are essential for cyclone formation and evolution. Surface cooling is observed in the cyclone wake and is expected to exert a negative feedback to the storm intensity. This thesis provide a quantification of the ocean response and its feedback using a coupled regional model of the southwest Pacific developed for present climate long-term simulations at mesoscale resolution which are requested to separate robust features from anecdotic effects. The results highlight the neglected role of three-dimensional dynamics in the ocean and the atmosphere and tend to contradict the extreme estimations made from simple theoretical models. Previous estimates that neglect the upwelling process and ocean warm anomaly re-emergence by winter entrainment overestimate the local heat uptake by the ocean. The intensity distribution of TCs is significantly affected by the cold wake but the feedback of SST cooling to storm intensity is of moderate amplitude, compared with theoretical models based on thermodynamic arguments. Actually, our analyses contradict the direct thermodynamic control of TC intensification by surface moisture fluxes in favor of a storm-scale dynamic control. In addition, regional oceanography has a large impact on coupling. It is stronger in the Coral Sea that has shallow mixed layer and numerous eddies but extremely weak in the warm pool that has deep mixed layer, thick barrier layer and no mesoscale activity.</p>
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              <p>Cette thèse apporte une meilleure compréhension des interactions océan-atmosphère au sein d'évènements extrêmes que sont les cyclones tropicaux. L'étude de la réponse océanique aux cyclones et de sa rétroaction a permis de souligner l'importance de la dynamique océanique et atmosphérique et tend à contredire les estimations extrêmes faites précédemment à partir de modèles théoriques simplifiés. L'impact des cyclones sur le climat est probablement surestimé dans les études qui négligent les processus d'advection et la ré-émergence d'anomalies océaniques en surface durant l'hiver. La rétroaction négative du refroidissement de surface induit par les cyclones est également surestimée dans les études théoriques en raison des fortes hypothèses faites sur les échelles de temps impliquées dans le processus d'intensification des cyclones. De même, la structure océanique à grande et moyenne échelle est souvent négligée (par exemple dans les indices de cyclogenèse), alors qu'elle module fortement les mécanismes de couplage. Enfin, l'utilisation de modèles à méso-échelle et de simulations à long terme produisant un grand nombre d'événements est essentielle afin de séparer un mécanisme robuste d'effets anecdotiques.</p>
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