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            <title xml:lang="en">"Land of the dark forests and of The crystallines lakes" : the Königsberg district in East Prussia : aspects of economie, social and politic history (1850-1914)</title>
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                <title xml:lang="en">"Land of the dark forests and of The crystallines lakes" : the Königsberg district in East Prussia : aspects of economie, social and politic history (1850-1914)</title>
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                <authority type="supervisor">Maurice Carrez</authority>
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                <term xml:lang="en">District of Königsberg</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">East Prussia</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">19th century</term>
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                <term xml:lang="en">Prussia</term>
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                <term xml:lang="en">Lithuania</term>
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                <term xml:lang="fr">District de Königsberg</term>
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                <term xml:lang="fr">XIXe siècle</term>
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              <p>The district of Königsberg is an atypical territory in the heart of Prussia. Although its economic and social structures are still largely traditional, with a strong power held by the great noble or bourgeois landowners and the clergy, economic innovations can be seen, notably at agricultural level. These remain nonetheless almost exclusively in the hands of the large landed property, when the small and middle peasantry remain in often manifest destitution. At social level, peasants are largely under the control of local lords. Over time, however, they succeed in becoming an important pawn in the local political life, becoming the objective allies of the conservative great landowners in exchange for marginal but real benefits which allow them to slightly increase their living standards. The ethnic minorities and the socialists also play an important role in East Prussia. Finally, the role played by the province’s capital, Königsberg, is very important at all levels.</p>
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              <p>Le district de Königsberg est un territoire atypique au coeur de la Prusse. Bien que ses structures économiques et sociales soient encore largement traditionnelles, avec un pouvoir fort des grands propriétaires, nobles ou bourgeois, et du clergé, on voit néanmoins se mettre en place des innovations économiques, au niveau agricole notamment. Celles-ci restent cependant presque exclusivement aux mains de la grande propriété foncière, quand la petite et moyenne paysannerie restent dans un dénuement souvent marqué. Au niveau social, les paysans sont largement sous la coupe des seigneurs locaux. Mais au fil du temps, ils réussissent à devenir un pion important de la vie politique locale, devenant les alliés objectifs des grands propriétaires conservateurs en échange d’avantages minces mais bien réels qui leur permettent d’augmenter légèrement leur niveau de vie. Les minorités ethniques et les socialistes jouent aussi un rôle important en Prusse-Orientale. Enfin, le rôle joué par la capitale de la province, Königsberg, est des plus importants à tous les niveaux.</p>
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