!. I. Chapitre, !. .. Définitions!et!normes!de!l'ingénierie!système, and . .. ;-!la!définition!de!«!système!»!, 1.5.!L'humain!est6il!un!élément!du!système!?!

I. 2. Les!processus!d'ingénierie!système!prescrits and !. .. ,

!. .. !système!et!cycle!de!vie!du!système and !. .. , 1.1.!Les!problèmes!essentiels!et!le!processus!d'ingénierie!des!exigences!, !45! I.3.3.!Une!application!sur!les!évolutions!demandées!et!les!anomalies!pendant!l'utilisation!du

!. .. , 3.4.!Les!langages!visuels!évalués!et!améliorés!par!les!Physics!of!Notation!, 3.5.3.!Les!plateformes!collaboratives!entre!utilisateurs!et!développeurs!:!vers!l'obèse, 1990.

!. V. Chapitre and !. .. Visualisations!interactives!des!exigences, 1.1.!Utilisation!des!structures!et!groupements!construits!par!les!ingénieurs!

V. 2. Visualisations!interactives!et!design!walkthrough and !. .. , V.2.4.!Filtrage!dynamique!interactif!et!traitement!des!résultats!

L. 'objectif!de!ce!processus!est!de!fournir, des!informations!rigoureuses!pour!faire!un!choix!chaque!fois! qu'une!question!est!soulevée.!Le!degré!de!rigueur!de!l'analyse!dépend!de!la!criticité!de!l

!. Les!-questions!-peuvent!-concerner!-n'importe!-quelle!-donnée!-d'ingénierie, ! des! exigences,! de! l'architecture! fonctionnelle,! de! l'architecture! organique.! C'est! pour! cela! que! ce! processus! est! convoqué!dans!la!description!des!activités!d'ingénierie!des!exigences!et!de!conception!du!système,! et! qu'il! apparaît! en! parallèle! des! processus! de! spécification! et! de! conception

. Les, !. Par!le!diagramme!de!la!!figure!14!dans!la!norme, and . Ieee!1220, !de!définir!le!périmètre!de!l'analyse,!notamment!le!degré!de!précision!de!la!réponse,!qui!va! permettre!de!choisir!la!méthode!d'analyse.!Les!méthodes!d'analyse!incluent!le!jugement!d'expert,!le! calcul!«!à!la!louche!»!(«!back!of!the!envelope!»!en!anglais),!des!calculs,!des!simulations,!des!modèles! mathématiques! et! du! prototypage.! C'est! dans! ce! processus! que! nous! retrouvons! l'activité! de! l'ingénieur!que!nous!évoquons!en!introduction,!utilisant!un!modèle!mathématique!pour!dimensionner! une! poutre! par! rapport! à! des! contraintes.! Les! résultats! de! l'analyse! permettent! de! répondre! à! la! question!et!de!faire!un!choix!justifié.!!Ces!résultats!sont!enregistrés!et!une!traçabilité!bidirectionnelle! entre!les!résultats!, ! consistent! à! identifier! des! conflits! ou! des! alternatives! (problème! ou! question! dans! la! norme! ISO! 15288)

, ! Comme! le! fait! apparaître! le! diagramme!des!activités!de!la!Figure!15,!ces!activités!sont!centrées!sur!la!surveillance!de!données,! dont!le!changement!est!soumis!à!approbation!et!entraine!une!mise!à!jour!ordonnée!de!référentiels!et! de! documents! (plans! d'ingénierie! et! plans! techniques).! Il! s'agit! de! formaliser! les! exigences,! l'architecture! fonctionnelle! et! l'architecture! organique! dans! des! référentiels! gérés! en! configuration.! Ces!documents!vont!servir!de!base!contractuelle!avec!le!fournisseur.!Toute!demande!de!changement! ou!d'écart!est!soumis!à!une!procédure!stricte!d'enregistrement!et!d'évaluation!pour!approbation.!Les! changements! approuvés! sont! traités! dans! les! processus! techniques, Les!activités!prescrites!sont!relatives!à!la!gestion!des!données,!la!gestion!de!configuration,!la!gestion! des! interfaces,! la! gestion! des! risques! et! la! mesure! de! l'avancement

, ! sur! la! nature! des! informations!et!leur!forme.!Les!activités!de!gestion!des!données!(ou!de!l'information!pour!ISO!15288)! visent! à! mettre! en! place! les! répertoires! appropriés! et! les! procédures! pour! enregistrer! et! mettre! à! disposition! des! différentes! parties! prenantes! les! informations! pertinentes! issues! des! autres! processus,!mais!ces!informations!ne!sont!pas!clairement!listées.!De!plus,!ces!activités!incluent!de! rédiger, !illustrer!et!transformer!les!données!en!«!information!utilisable!pour!les!parties!prenantes!»! (p43! 6! ISO! 15288),! sans! d'autres! précisions.! Cependant,! les! informations! fournies! incluent! la!

!. Observation, actuel,mais,gérées,par,les, utilisateurs Situations de,gestion,du,carburant,de, préparation,de,la,séance,d'instruction

. Expression and . Pour, , p.137

. Génération, M. Pujos, R. Benhacene, . Hélène, . Gaspardqboulinc et al., Energy management,system,for,vehicles, vol.762, 2016.

. Gaspardqboulinc, . Hélène, . Stéphane, . Conversy, . Mickaël et al., Activity,Based Resource,Management,System,issued 15, décembre, 2016.

. Afin!de!réaliser!un!diagnostic!de!la!situation,!le!système!doit!permettre!au!pilote!de!conduire, un!raisonnement! d'abduction!qui!maintient!un!état!stable!du!système!:! ?!formuler!des!hypothèses! ?!choisir!l'!hypothèse!la!plus!plausible!

?. , hypothèse!choisie!en!interagissant!avec!le!système!sans!en!modifier!son!état

A. !partir!de!là,!une!multitude!de!questions!de!conception!peuvent!se!poser!pour!concevoir!ce!genre!-de!-dispositif, ! et! il! faudrait! travailler! l'exigence! avec! des! spécialistes! de! l'intelligence! artificielle,! de! l'IHM,! des! systèmes! bord,! et! des! pilotes! pour! concevoir! des! solutions.! Les! idées! ciMdessous! sont! issues! de! notre! seule! réflexion! au! moment! de! la! rédaction! de! la! thèse

, ).(Pour!choisir!et!tester!l'hypothèse!la!plus!plausible,(il!faut!imaginer(des!représentations!et! des! interactions! sur! les! hypothèses.! De! nombreux! travaux! en! Facteurs! Humains! proposent! un! signifiant!de!type!icône!pour!montrer!aux!pilotes!(ou!conducteurs!de!véhicule)!un!niveau!d'incertitude! sur! l'automatisme.! Les! résultats! montrent! que! cela! modifie! le! comportement! du! pilote/conducteur! (McGuirl!et!Sarter!, Pour!formuler!les!hypothèses,!on!peut!imaginer!une!première!suggestion!automatique!d'hypothèses! de!type!Recommender(Systems((la(dernière(fois(qu'un, 2006.

. Mais!estmce!discernable!dans!un!environnement!déjà!encombré!visuellement!?!-;-doyonmpoulin, !. Robert, and . Ouellette, Des!études!montrent! que!la!performance!de!recherche!visuelle!se!dégrade!dans!des!environnements!chargés!visuellement! et! peu! organisés!, ! 2012)! (N.! Moacdieh! et! Sarter! 2015)(N.! M.! Moacdieh!et!Sarter!2017

!. Rasmussen, !. Vicente!ont!proposé-;-k.!j.!vicente, and . Rasmussen, !des!recommandations!centrées!sur!la!seule!aide!au!diagnostic,! avec!une!représentation!hiérarchisée!des!informations,!en!insistant!sur!la!perception!au!détriment!de! l'action!, 1990.

, Nous! avons! vu! que! les! ingénieurs! en! exigences! et! les! fournisseurs! de! composants! utilisaient! des! dessins! comme! support! au! raisonnement! et! à! la! construction! du! comportement! du! système.! Ces! représentations! seraientMelles! efficaces! pour! les! utilisateurs! du! système! en! utilisation! et! l'aide! au! diagnostic!?!!!

. La!question!cruciale!est!de!trouver!comment!interagir!avec!le!système!sans!en!modifier!son!état, . Le!-«!-undo!-»!-classique!-en!-utilisabilité!-n'est!-pas!-possible, . Mancini, !. Dix, and . Levialdi, !De!même!qu'il!y!a!les!rétroMactions!(feedback)!et!les!transM actions!(feedthrough),!peutMon!généraliser!la!préMaction!(feedfoward)!?!Ou!utiliser!un!dispositif!mobile! (comme! l'appareil! de! radiologie)! pour! faire! un! zoom! sémantique! sur! un! élément! du! système! ?! Le! support!au!raisonnement!par!abduction!dans!un!contexte!critique!est!à!la!croisée!de!la!visualisation! d'information,!de!la!collaboration!et!de!l'interaction!humainMmachine!et!reste!à!explorer, 1997.

. En!l'absence!de!prototypes, !nous!ne!sommes!pas!en!mesure!d'aller!plus!loin!sur!l'expression!des! exigences.!De!plus,!nous!pourrions!faire!l'exercice!de!transformer!certaines!idées!citées!ciMdessus! en!exigences

!. Tableau, !synthèse!des!résultats!du!processus!d'ingénierie!des!exigences!sur!le!cas!'analyse!d'accident!du! vol!RioMParis!447'!

. Les!-résultats!-sont!-contrastés!-:!-en!-quoi!-pouvonsmnous!-qualifier!-le!-processus!-de!-participatif!-Étant!-donnée!-la, ! nonMparticipation! des! utilisateurs! ?! En! position! de! fournisseur,! nous! avons! utilisé! un! scénario! d'accident! rédigé! par! un! ingénieur! en! exigences,! et! mobilisé! une! technique! de! décomposition!des!actions!selon!le!cycle!de!l'action,!complétée!par!une!analogie.!Nous!avons!produit! des!exigences!de!haut!niveau,!mais!elles!restent!à!consolider!et!à!affiner.!Nous!aurions!pu!interviewer! des! pilotes! pour! consolider! nos! exigences! sur! le! processus! d'abduction

. Helene!gaspardmboulinc, !. Jestin, ;. Fleury, . Fleury, . De!wit et al., !De!plus,!la!survenue!d'un!incident!constitue! un!cadre!d'intervention!difficile,!dans!lequel!les!utilisateurs!sont!sensibles!à!la!gestion!de!la!règle!et! aux!sanctions, Etendre!l'ingénierie!participative!des!exigences!à!des!situations!mal!gérées!par!les!utilisateurs,!tels! que! les! incidents! et! les! accidents,! est! difficile, 2002.

!. Cependant and . Nous!pouvons!comparer!les!exigences!que!nous!avons!réussi!à!formuler, !ainsi!que!les! idées! émises! en! mobilisant! nos! connaissances! en! Interaction! HumainMMachine,! aux! recommandations! en! ergonomie! émises! par! le! BEA.! ! Nos! exigences! de! haut! niveau! apportent! un! éclairage! différent! mais! non! contradictoire,! et! ouvrent! sur! des! axes! de! recherche! élargissant! les! Activités Résultats Moyens de2l

L. Observation,

. Conversy, . Stéphane, . Stéphane, . Chatty, . Hélène et al., Proceedings of,the, 26th,Conference on,L'Interaction,Homme> Machine,60>69.,IHM,'14, 2014.

. Analyse and . Technique,

, !Une!consigne!de!l'instructeur!est!la!non!utilisation!de!l'instrument!pour! l'évaluation! des! actions.! Lors! d'interviews! réalisées! auprès! d'instructeursMpilotes! (avion! et! hélicoptère),! tous! rapportent! la! tendance! des! élèves! à! regarder! l'écran! pour! l'évaluation! de! leurs! actions! plutôt! que! l'extérieur.! L'écran! occupe! de! fait! une! place! centrale! devant! l'élève,! et! attire! l'attention! par! plusieurs! animations! (l'horizon! bascule,! la! vitesse! défile,! et! potentiellement! l'altitude! aussi).!Pour!contrer!cette!tendance!à!regarder!l'écran,!la!pratique!des!instructeurs!est!de!le!cacher! avec!une!feuille!ou!des!postMit.!L'utilisation!de!l, Les!deux!premiers!cycles!se!caractérisent!par!l'importance!des!perceptions!du!pilote!et!de!l'extérieur! pour!l'évaluation!des!actions

. Cependant, En! complément,! nous! avons! utilisé! le! cadre! de! description! du! parcours! visuel! ScanVis!(Conversy!2014b),!afin!de!décomposer!plus!finement!les!actions!de!prise!d'informations!sur! l'interface!(voir!Figure!152).!La!décomposition!ScanVis,!construite!par!interview!du!piloteMinstructeur! expert,!révèle!qu'il!ne!s'agit!pas!seulement!de!lire!la!valeur!de!l'inclinaison,!mais!de!vérifier!également! les!autres!éléments!de!l'attitude!de!l'avion!dans!l'espace,!l'assiette!et!la!symétrie, action!atteint!ses!limites!pour!décrire!de!façon!fine!la!lecture!de!l'information! sur! l'instrument.!

?. , autres!signifiants!pour!contrôler!l'avion!que!les!symboles!affichés!sur! l'instrument!:!repère!capot!et!perceptions!des!mouvements!x! ?!utiliser!l'instrument!pour!un!contrôle!plus!fin!de!l'avion!x! ?!ne!pas!passer!trop!de!temps!sur!l'instrument!pour!assurer!la!sécurité!visMvis!de! l

. Les!-conséquences!-sont!-que!-les!-opérations!-d, entréeMsortie! de! la! visualisation! vers! l'extérieur! sont! continuelles! et! exigent! une! prise! d'informations! la! plus! performante! possible.! Une! analyse! plus! précise!des!tâches!de!la!prise!d'informations!montre!que!:! 1

, ensemble-de-marques).3 " L'utilisateur-veut-lire-la-valeur-del'assiette : 3.1 il-regarde-la-forme-des-deuxgraduations-les-plus-proches-du-milieude-la-croix-(chercher-et-naviguer-parmiun-sous"ensemble-de-marques) 3.2 il-regarde-la-position-du-milieu-de-lacroix-par-rapport-à-la-grande-graduationla-plus-proche-ainsi-que-la-valeur-decette-grande-graduation-(deviner-uneposition-sans-marque) 4 " L'utilisateur-veut-lire-l'écart-desymétrie

?. La, !plupart!des!tâches!sont!de!type!seeking

. Afin!de!vérifier!, avion,!tout!en!assurant!la!sécurité!visMàMvis!de!l'environnement!extérieur,! l'instrument!doit!permettre!à!l'apprenti!pilote!de!lire!les!informations!d'attitude!sur!l'instrument!le!plus!rapidement! possible!:!! ?!lire!la!valeur!de!l'inclinaison!du!virage!de!façon!cohérente!avec!le!sens!du!virage!x! ?!lire!la!valeur!de!l

?. !détecter!un!écart!de!symétrie!le!plus,

À. !partir!de!ce!travail, !nous!pouvons!reformuler!les!exigences!détaillées!de!l'instrument!et!les!justifier! par!rapport!à!une!situation!opérationnelle!non!prévue!initialement!pour!l'instrument!

?. , horizon!sera!mobile,!pour!garder!la!cohérence!avec!l'environnement!extérieure! ( !

?. !l'échelle!d'inclinaison!sera!composée!de!deux!graduations!courbes, !symétriques!de!part!et!d'autre!et! en!dessous!de!la!maquette!avion!(à!inclinaison!nulle),!dont!la!ligne!d'inclinaison!nulle,!passant!par!le! point!central!de!la!maquette!avion

?. !l'échelle!d'assiette!restera!fixe, !perpendiculaire!au!plan!des!ailes!de!la!maquette!avion

, !pouvant!éventuellement!devenir!orange!M!warning!M!en!cas!de!dépassement

, !avec!une!centralisation!de!l'information!utile!au!contrôle!de!l'attitude!de!l'avion!dans!le! contexte!du!vol!à!vue.!Cependant,!cette!évaluation!n'est!pas!suffisante!:!!les!performances!de!pilotage! avec! ce! nouvel! instrument! restent! à! être! démontrées.! Pour! cela,! le! réalisme! de! nos! premiers! prototypes! n'est! pas! suffisant! et! la! conception! graphique! de! l'instrument! reste! à! améliorer.! Nous! avons!donc!conduit!en!parallèle!trois!activités,!illustrées!en!Figure!153!:! ?!L'intégration!d'un!simulateur!de!vol!aux!prototypes!avec!deux!développeurs!x! ?!La!conception!graphique!de!l, Une!évaluation!a!priori!du!parcours!visuel!avec!Scanvis!sur!ce!nouvel!instrument!montre!un!parcours! visuel!réduit

. Les!tâches!de!pilotage!ont!été!construites!avec!deux!pilotes!instructeurs,!pour!garantir!leur!pertinence!-opérationnelle, ! Nous! avons! demandé! l'ajout! de! scénarios! se! rapprochant! d'une! perte! de! contrôle,! afin!de!faire!une!évaluation!dans!cette!situation!délicate.!Quinze!sujets,!jeunes!pilotes,!ont!réalisé!les! 7!scénarios!avec!chacun!des!deux!instruments,!l'instrument!occident!actuel!et!le!nouvel!instrument.!! A!la!date!de!rédaction!de!ce!manuscrit

, Figure!153:!intégration!des!prototypes!avec!un!simulateur!de!vol

. Les!-résultats!-du!-processus!-(synthèse!-en!-tableau, 12)! montrent! que! l'ingénieur! en! exigences! peut! apporter!une!plusMvalue!à!une!idée!de!solution!émise!par!un!utilisateur!expert!grâce!aux!techniques! déjà! identifiées! dans! l'ingénierie! participative! des! exigences! (observations,! cycle! de! l'action,! prototypage! et! idéation,! évaluation),! auxquelles! nous! avons! adjoint! un! cadre! supplémentaire! de! l'interaction! :! ScanVis,! pour! la! décomposition! du! parcours! visuel! dans! une! représentation.! ! La! décomposition! a! été! conduite! à! partir! de! l'interview! utilisateur

, !au!détriment!des!principes!de!collaboration!directe!qui! restent! à! explorer! pour! cet! instrument.! La! validation! des! exigences! détaillées! passe! par! une! évaluation!contrôlée!de!la!solution!avec!des!utilisateurs!(apprentisMpilotes), !ont!été!mobilisés!pour!l'idéation

!. Tableau, !synthèse!des!résultats!du!processus!d'ingénierie!des!exigences!"nouvel!instrument!de!

A. !partir!des!scénarios!et!des!principes!de!collaboration!directe, !les!ingénieurs!en!exigences!peuvent! concevoir!et!évaluer!avec!les!utilisateurs!les!interactions!et!les!représentations!du!futur!système.!Le! prototypage! et! l'idéation! peuvent! engager! les! utilisateurs! dans! une! démarche! d'innovation,! avec! cependant!des!écueils!que!les!ingénieurs!en!exigences!doivent!connaître!et!maitriser.!La!maitrise! passe!par!la!mobilisation!de!cadres!de!l'interaction!et!de!la!représentation

A. !partir!des!prototypes, !exigences!peuvent!transposer!les!scénarios!initiaux!en!cas! d'utilisation! et! affiner! les! exigences! de! haut! niveau! en! exigences! détaillées! pour! exprimer! le! comportement! du! système.! Les! contextes! d'utilisation! peuvent! être! utilisés! pour! structurer! la! spécification.!!Les!ingénieurs!en!exigences!peuvent!avoir!un!degré!de!confiance!plus!grand!dans!les! Activités Résultats Moyens de2l

. Observation and . Utilisation,

. Expression and . Pour,

. Génération, D. Louviot, . Hélène, . Gaspardnboulinc, and C. Stéphane, Method,and,apparatus for, controlling vehicle attitude,display.,European Patent,Office, 2016.

S. Évaluation and . Evaluation,

, !car!issues!d'un!travail!conjoint!avec!les!utilisateurs.!Une!évaluation!semiM contrôlée!ou!contrôlée!des!prototypes!avec!les!utilisateurs!peut!permettre!de!valider!les!exigences! détaillées, !avec!des!données!objectives!sur!les!performances!et!les!bénéfices

, ! dépendant!notamment!des!données!en!entrée!du!processus!:!un!nouveau!dispositif!technologique! pour! MAMMI,! un! cahier! des! charges! exprimant! une! mission! pour! EMFan! 2.0,! un! rapport! d'analyse! d'accident! et! une! solution! conçue! par! un! utilisateur! pour! le! nouvel! instrument, La!description!des!quatre!processus!montre!des!séquences!différentes!dans!les!activités!menées

, Figure!154:!les!chemins!suivis!entre!parties!prenantes!des!cas!illustrant!l'ingénierie!participative!des! exigences!

!. La!-première!-partie!-de!-cette!-thèse!-pourrait!-Être!-considérée!-comme!-un!-cas, ingénierie! participative! des! exigences,! dans! lequel! les! utilisateurs! sont! les! ingénieurs! en! exigences,! et! nous! sommes!dans!la!position!d'un!ingénieur!en!exigences.!Cependant,!nous!considérons!ce!cas!comme! non!significatif!:!la!thèse!est!un!travail!personnel,!sans!client!et!sans!fournisseurs!et!notre!enjeu!n'était! pas!de!construire!un!système,!mais!de!démontrer!la!contribution!de!l'utilisabilité!des!outils!dans!le! processus! d'ingénierie! des! exigences

. Dans!-l', ! nous! pouvons! synthétiser! le! processus! d'ingénierie! participative!des!exigences!dans!notre!vision!située!selon!la!Figure!155!:!les!ingénieurs!en!exigences! pilotent! un! processus! continu! de! définition! du! système! futur! informée! par! l'utilisation! du! système! actuel,!par!la!maitrise!des!techniques!représentées!dans!les!encadrés!jaunes

!. Le!lecteur!averti!notera!que!notre!schéma!est!encadré!:!cela!représente!les!cadres!de!l'interaction!et!-de!la!représentation!qui!guident!le!pilotage!du!processus!d'ingénierie!participative!des!exigences.!en and . Effet, !en!énumérant!les!différentes!techniques,!nous!proposons!:! ?!Interview!et!observation!centrées!sur!les!ressources(pour(l'action,!et!l'identification!de! contextes!différents!selon!les!dimensions!de!l'utilisabilité!:!utilisateur,!environnement,! équipement!x! ?!Scénarios!restituant!les!actions!et!les!ressources!utilisées!x!analyse!des!scénarios!selon!les! dimensions!cognitives!des!notations,!le!cycle!de!l'action!et!ScanVis!x!! ?!Prototypage!et!idéation!mobilisant!les!principes!d'utilisabilité,!de!collaboration!directe,!de! visualisation!d'information!et!des!variables!visuelles!x! ?!Cas!d'utilisation!structurés!par!contexte(x!! ?!Exigences!affinées!détaillant!les!interactions!entre!acteur!et!système!et!les!représentations

. En!déplaçant!l'ingénieur!en!exigences!au!centre!de!l, ingénierie!participative!des!exigences,!il!devient! l'assistant!du!client!dans!l'orientation!et!la!prise!de!décision!sur

, Cadres'de'l'interaction et'de'la'représentation

, Cas'd'utilisation

. Le!-processus!-de!-la!-thèse!-nous!-a!-conduit!-À!-une!-réflexion!-sur!-l'ingénierie!-des!-systèmes!-interactifs!-complexes!-et!-le!-métier!-de!-l'ingénieur!-en!-exigences, ! Les! enjeux! de! sécurité! sont! cadrés! par! une! réglementation! imposant! la! production! de! preuves! de! conformité! du! système! aux! exigences! spécifiées.! Cette! production! de! preuves! est! consommatrice! d'énergie! pour! les! ingénieurs,! du! fait! d'outils!inadaptés.!La!conséquence!est!moins!de!temps!passé!sur!la!compréhension!des!problèmes! des!utilisateurs!et!la!recherche!de!solutions!innovantes!:!on!va!choisir!un!équipement!déjà!certifié,! même!s'il!n'est!pas!complètement!satisfaisant!pour!les!utilisateurs.!Or!comprendre!les!problèmes!des! utilisateurs!et!proposer!de!nouvelles!solutions!peut!également!contribuer!à!la!sécurité.!Nos!travaux! de!thèse!visent!à!rééquilibrer!le!métier!de!l'ingénieur!:!passer!moins!de!temps!sur!la!production!de! preuves,!grâce!à!des!outils!supportant!le!processus!d'ingénierie!des!exigences,!et!plus!de!temps!sur! la!compréhension!des!problèmes!des!utilisateurs!et!la!conception!de!solutions

. Durant!-ces!-travaux!-de!-thèse, ! auprès! de! 15! praticiens! industriels! de! quatre! entreprises! aéronautiques,!afin!d'enquêter!sur!les!activités!réellement!effectuées!par!les!ingénieurs!en!exigences! et!sur!le!support!outillé!de!ces!activités.!Nous!avons!trouvé!que!les!outils!spécifiques!à!l'ingénierie! des! exigences! contraignent! les! ingénieurs! à! un! flux! de! travail! rigide,! qui! est! en! conflit! avec! une! exploration!adaptative!des!problèmes!de!conception.!Les!ingénieurs!commencent!souvent!par!utiliser! des!outils!à!vocation!générale!pour!favoriser!l'exploration!et!la!collaboration!avec!les!fournisseurs,!au! détriment! de! la! traçabilité.! Quand! les! ingénieurs! basculent! sur! le! raffinement! et! la! vérification! des! exigences,! ils! doivent! utiliser! des! outils! spécifiques! pour! garantir! la! traçabilité, ! nous! avons! réalisé! une! étude! qualitative,! à! base! d'interviews! contextuelles! et! de! prototypes

, !Nous!avons!mis! en! valeur! les! parties! prenantes! (client,! utilisateurs,! ingénieur! en! exigences,! fournisseurs)! et! leur! champ! de! travail! commun! :! le! système,! en! utilisation! et! en! définition.! Les! exigences! sont! un! mécanisme!de!coordination!entre!les!parties!prenantes,!et!ne!constituent!pas!la!véritable!base!du! travail!collaboratif.!Seuls!les!ingénieurs!en!exigences!utilisent!les!exigences!comme!base!de!travail! collaboratif!entre!eux,!dans!les!activités!de!raffinement!et!de!vérification.!Nous!avons!formulé!des! exigences! d'utilisabilité! de! support! au! travail! collaboratif! entre! ingénieurs! en! exigences! et! fournisseurs, Sur! la! base! de! nos! observations! et! de! nos! scénarios,! nous! avons! proposé! une! vision! située! de! l'ingénierie!des!exigences!afin!de!retranscrire!la!richesse!des!situations!observées, 2014.

, $Comment$améliorer$l'utilisabilité$des$outils$d'ingénierie$des$exigences,$en$ exploitant$les$principes$de$la$visualisation$d'information$?!

. Sur!la!base!de!scénarios!et!de!prototypes, !Nous!proposons!plus!particulièrement!des! visualisations!interactives!et!coordonnées!de!texte!structuré!permettant!aux!ingénieurs!de!décorréler! rigueur!et!rigidité!dans!le!processus!d'ingénierie!des!exigences,!en!rendant!possible!une!souplesse! pendant!le!processus!tout!en!éliminant!progressivement!toute!approximation!en!sortie!du!processus.! L'ingénieur!bénéfice!de!visualisations!structurées!des!exigences,!à!partir!desquelles!il!peut!continuer! à!communiquer!avec!les!parties!prenantes,!chercher!du!texte,!voir!l'état!d'avancement!des!exigences, ! détecter!et!compléter!les!informations!manquantes!par!une!navigation!et!un!filtrage!interactifs!sur!les! visualisations!(H.!GaspardMBoulinc!et!Conversy!2017

. Les!retours!d'expérience!sur!l'utilisation!des!visualisations!interactives!sont!prometteurs,!mais!restent!-À!consolider, !La!difficulté!est!de!mesurer!de!façon!objective!les!bénéfices!des!visualisations!dans!une! expérimentation!contrôlée,!le!processus!d'ingénierie!des!exigences!mobilisant!de!nombreuses!parties! prenantes.! Ce! souci! est! reconnu! et! partagé! dans! la! communauté! de! Requirements( Engineering! (Ivarsson!et!Gorschek!2009).!Nous!allons!poursuivre!le!travail!sur!les!visualisations!interactives!avec! l'entreprise! D,! pour! une! mise! à! disposition! sur! un! intranet! à! destination! des! différentes! parties! prenantes!:!client,!sites!opérationnels!et!fournisseurs!de!composants

!. Aumdelà, !nous!proposons!une!nouvelle!approche!:!l'ingénierie!participative!des!exigences

. Elle!est!basée!sur!une-;-pujos!, !. ;-!(hélène, . Gaspardmboulinc, . Conversy, . Louviot et al., !La!finalité!est!une!production!d'exigences!matures!spécifiant!dans!le!système! futur! la! prise! en! compte! de! situations! non! prévues! dans! le! système! actuel,! mais! gérées! par! les! utilisateurs.! Nous! avons! illustré! l'application! de! notre! approche! sur! quatre! projets! aéronautiques! :! collaboration! et! contrôle! aérien,! cockpit! d'avionMécole! électrique,! analyse! de! rapport! d'accident! et! nouvel!instrument!de!vol.!Selon!le!degré!de!formalisation!et!le!niveau!de!détail!des!exigences,!nous! pouvons!qualifier!notre!approche!de!conception!participative!plus!que!d'ingénierie!participative!des! exigences! (Contrôle! aérien! et! collaboration).! Selon! le! degré! de! participation! des! utilisateurs,! nous! pouvons!qualifier!l'ingénierie!des!exigences!de!centréeMutilisateur!(Analyses!d'incidents!et!d'accident!:! cas!du!rapport!d'accident!du!vol!447!RioMParis!)!plus!que!de!participative!(Avion!électrique!et!gestion! de!l'énergie).!Une!participation!effective,!alliée!à!un!effort!continu!de!prototypage!et!de!formalisation! d'exigences,! peut! conduire! à! des! exigences! détaillées! plus! matures! et! moins! susceptibles! de! changer.! Elle! peut! constituer! également! une! démarche! d'innovation,! par! une! réflexion! autour! de! solutions!alimentée!par!des!problèmes!réels!, articulation!de!techniques!utilisées!en!conception!participative!pour!impliquer! les!!!utilisateurs,!avec!un!effort!continu!d'abstraction!et!de!formalisation!des!exigences!pour!informer! la!définition!du!système, 2016.

, Notre! thèse! est! à! la! croisée! de! deux! domaines! :! Ingénierie! des! Exigences! (Requirements( Engineering)!et!Interaction!HumainMMachine!(HumanXComputer(Interaction).!! L'IHM!pour!l'Ingénierie!des!Exigences!

. Nous!avons!utilisé!une!méthode!d'étude!de!cas,!enrichie!par!le!design!d'artefacts,!pour!comprendre!-le!-phénomène!-de!-l, ingénierie! des! exigences.! Nous! avons! utilisé! un! cadre! de! travail! coopératif! (Computer( Supported( Cooperative( Work)! pour! construire! une! vision! située! de! l'ingénierie! des! exigences.! Nous! avons! conçu! des! visualisations! interactives! et! coordonnées! de! texte! structuré,! offrant! aux! ingénieurs! en! exigences! un! support! à! la! communication! entre! parties! prenantes! et! instrumentant!la!vérification!des!exigences

, !mais!les!autres!modes!d'expression!peuvent! bénéficier! d'une! réflexion! sur! l'utilisabilité! des! outils! les! mettant! en! oeuvre! :! l'adoption! d'un! mode!, Nous!nous!sommes!centrés!sur!les!exigences!textuelles

. Nous!avons!élaboré!une!ingénierie!participative!des!exigences, !visant!à!spécifier!dans!le!système! futur! la! prise! en! compte! de! situations! non! prévues! dans! le! système! actuel,! mais! gérées! par! les! utilisateurs

. Houston!dans!lequel!nous!mettons!en!oeuvre!une!ingénierie!participative!des!exigences!(joerger!, !Ce!projet!se!caractérise!par!une!hétérogénéité!des!utilisateurs,!allant!du!brancardier!au! chirurgien,!en!passant!par!les!infirmières!et!les!familles!des!patients.!Les!futurs!résultats!pourront! illustrer! l'application! de! l'ingénierie! participative! des! exigences! dans! un! domaine! critique! hors! aéronautique,! et! accroitre! nos! connaissances! sur! les! techniques! à! maitriser! et! les! cadres! de! l, 2017.

. En!particulier, ingénierie!participative!des!exigences!constitue!pour!nous!un!cadre!de!réflexion!et!de! mise!en!oeuvre!des!principes!de!collaboration!directe!dans!les!systèmes!interactifs!critiques!:!! ?!des!surfaces!partagées!interactives!x! ?!la!réification!des!actions!dans!des!instruments!x! ?!l'accomplissement!partiel!des!actions!x! ?!un!retour!d

L. , RioMParis! nous! a! conduit! à! mettre! en! évidence! un! raisonnement!d'abduction!mené!par!les!pilotes!pour!poser!un!diagnostic!sur!la!situation!(Conversy!et! al.!2014).!Nous!avons!identifié!des!questions!de!recherche!sur!l'IHM!de!support!à!l'abduction!(partie! VI.3.3)!:!de!même!que!les!médecins!disposent!d'instruments!pour!examiner!un!patient!en!minimisant! l'impact!sur!son!état!de!santé, vol.447

. Ces!-instruments!-existent!-pour!-les!-ingénieurs,!-en!-support!-aux!-phases!-d'essais!, . Dans!-un!-contexte!-non!-critique, and . Dans!-le!-domaine!-de!-l, Interaction! HumainMMachine,! les! représentations! et! les! interactions! pour! mener! un! raisonnement! d'abduction! sur! une! situation! dégradée!en!temps!contraint!restent!à!inventer.!Dans!le!domaine!de!l'Ingénierie!des!Exigences,!un! support!à!l'abduction!pour!les!utilisateurs!peut!être!considéré!comme!une!technique!de!mitigation!de! l'incertitude! à! l'exécution! du! système,! mais! n'ajouteMtMelle! pas! de! la! complexité! au! système! ?

. Les!valeurs!que!nous!défendons!à!travers!l, ingénierie!participative!des!exigences!sont!portées!par! une! vision! humaniste! du! progrès! technologique.! A! travers! les! cas! illustrés! que! nous! avons! développés,! nous! voulons! montrer! que! le! progrès! technologique! n'est! pas! synonyme! d'automatisation!généralisée!et!de!procéduralisation!des!interactions!entre!les!êtres!humains.!Tout! est!une!question!de!choix!dans!l

. La!technologie!d'édition!de!l'adn!crisprmcas9-;-cong!, !L'intelligence!artificielle! connaît!de!!grandes!avancées!en!apprentissage!automatique!et!conduit!à!la!construction!de!systèmes( autonomes!(Inria!2016).!L'ingénierie!participative!des!exigences!peut!être!une!approche!de!maitrise! de! ces! nouvelles! technologies! au! service! de! l'Humanité, 2013.

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!. Zave, . Pamela, !. Michael!jackson-;-!stéphane, . Conversy!-defence!:!toulouse, . Ecole!nationale!de!l'aviation!civile et al., !20th!represents!the!cornerstone!of!communication!among!stakeholders:!customer,!user,! systems! engineers,! suppliers.! The! certification! process! in! critical! systems! requires! traceability! documents!as!a!means!of!demonstrating!safety, vol.130

, !which!conflicts!with!the!adaptive!exploration!of!the!problem.! Engineers!often!start!by!using!generalMpurpose!tools!to!foster!exploration!and!collaborative!work!with! suppliers,! at! the! expense! of! traceability.! When! engineers! shift! to! requirements! refinement! and! verification,!they!must!use!REMspecific!tools!to!grant!traceability.!But!the!lack!of!tool!usability!yields! significant!time!loss!and!dissatisfaction.! Based! on! observed! RE! practices,! we! devise! a! situated! vision! of! Requirements! Engineering,! rendering! its! role! in! between! the! operational! context! and! the! engineering! context! of! the! system.! Based! on! scenarios! and! prototypes,! we! formulate! usability! insights! for! REMspecific! tools.! In! particular,!we!propose!interactive!coordinated!visualizations!of!structured!text,!allowing!engineers!to! decorelate!rigor!from!rigidity!throughout!the!RE!process,!by!providing!flexibility!during!the!process! while!gradually!tackling!approximation!to!the!end!of!the!process.!The!requirements!engineer!takes! advantage! of! structured! visualizations! of! requirements,! from! which! he! can! communicate! with! stakeholders,! search! for! text,! get! the! progress! status! of! requirements,! detect! and! fill! missing! system!definition, We!conducted!a!qualitative!study,!using!interviews!and!mockups,!with!fifteen!industrial!practitioners! from!four!aeronautics!companies,!to!investigate!which!tasks!are!actually!performed!by!requirements! engineers!and!how!current!tools!support!these!tasks.!We!found!that!REMspecific!tools! constrain!engineers!to!a!rigid!workflow

$. Auteur!:!hélène and . Uninski$-titre!, Une$ingénierie$participative$des$exigences$pour$les$systèmes$interactifs$complexes

L. Soutenance!:!toulouse and !. Ecole!nationale, Aviation!Civile,!20!décembre! 2017! RESUME!! ! L'ingénierie!des!exigences!joue!un!rôle!crucial!dans!la!construction!de!systèmes!aéronautiques!sûrs

. La!notion!d'exigence!constitue!la!brique!de!base!de!la!communication!entre!les!différentes!parties!-prenantes!-du!-système!-:!-client,!-utilisateurs,!-ingénieur!-système, ! Non! seulement! les! exigences!sont!structurantes!pour!la!définition!de!système,!mais!le!processus!de!certification!luiM même!est!basé!sur!la!démonstration!de!la!conformité!du!système!avec!les!exigences!spécifiées,! notamment! par! la! traçabilité,! c'estMàMdire! un! maintien! des! liens! entre! les! différents! artefacts! d'ingénierie!(exigences,!exigences!détaillées,!composants,!interfaces).!! Nous!avons!réalisé!une!étude!qualitative,!à!base!d'interviews!contextuelles!et!prototypes,!auprès!de! 15! praticiens! industriels! de! quatre! entreprises! aéronautiques,! afin! d'enquêter! sur! les! activités! réellement!effectuées!par!les!ingénieurs!en!exigences!et!sur!le!support!outillé!de!ces!activités.!Nous! avons!trouvé!que!les!outils!spécifiques!à!l'ingénierie!des!exigences!contraignent!les!ingénieurs!à!un! flux

, !Le!manque!d'utilisabilité!de!ces!outils!entraine!une!perte!de! temps!significative!et!une!insatisfaction.!! Sur!la!base!de!nos!observations,!nous!développons!une!vision!située!de!l'ingénierie!des!exigences,! retranscrivant!son!rôle!entre!contexte!d'ingénierie!et!contexte!opérationnel!du!système.!Sur!la!base! de!scénarios!et!de!prototypes,!nous!formulons!des!exigences!d'utilisabilité!pour!les!outils!spécifiques! d'ingénierie!des!exigences.!Nous!proposons!plus!particulièrement!des!visualisations!interactives!et! coordonnées! de! texte! structuré! permettant! de! décorréler! rigueur! et! rigidité! dans! le! processus! d'ingénierie! des! exigences,! en! rendant! possible! une! souplesse! pendant! le! processus! tout! en! éliminant! progressivement! toute! approximation! en! sortie! du! processus.! L'ingénieur! bénéfice! de! visualisations!structurées!des!exigences,!à!partir!desquelles!il!peut!communiquer!avec!les!parties! prenantes,! chercher! du! texte,! voir! l'état! d'avancement! des! exigences,! détecter! et! compléter! les! informations!manquantes!par!une!navigation!et!un!filtrage!interactifs!sur!les!visualisations.!! AuMdelà!des!outils!supportant!une!vision!située!de!l'ingénierie!des!exigences,!nous!proposons!une! nouvelle!approche!:!l'ingénierie!participative!des!exigences.!La!finalité!est!la!production!d'exigences! matures! spécifiant! dans! le! système! futur! la! prise! en! compte! de! situations! non! prévues! dans! le! système!actuel!mais!gérées!par!les!utilisateurs.!Elle!est!basée!sur!une!articulation!de!techniques! utilisées! en! conception! participative! pour! impliquer! les! utilisateurs,! avec! un! effort! continu! d'abstraction! et! de! formalisation! des! exigences! pour! informer! la! définition! du! système, Les! ingénieurs! commencent! souvent! par! utiliser! des! outils! à! vocation! générale! pour! favoriser! l'exploration! et! la! collaboration! avec! les! fournisseurs,! au! détriment! de! la! traçabilité.! Quand! les! ingénieurs!basculent!sur!le!raffinement!et!la!vérification!des!exigences,!ils!doivent!utiliser!des!outils! spécifiques!pour!garantir!la!traçabilité

. Motsmcles!:!ingénierie,

. Discipline!administrative!:!réseaux, . Telecom, and !. Système!et!architecture,

I. F. De!l'u and . Ou!du!laboratoire!,