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            <title xml:lang="en">Firearms opening in Burgundy and Franche-Comté (1360-1650)</title>
            <title xml:lang="fr">Les ouvertures de tir pour armes à feu en Bourgogne Franche-Comté (1360-1650)</title>
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                <title xml:lang="en">Firearms opening in Burgundy and Franche-Comté (1360-1650)</title>
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                <authority type="supervisor">Hervé Mouillebouche</authority>
                <authority type="supervisor">Nicolas Faucherre</authority>
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                <authority type="jury">Emmanuel de Crouy-Chanel [Rapporteur]</authority>
                <authority type="jury">Gérard Giuliato [Rapporteur]</authority>
                <authority type="jury">Jean Mesqui</authority>
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                <term xml:lang="en">Poliorcétics</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">Architecture</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">Firearms opening</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">Middle ages</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">Firearms</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">Canonnière</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">Moyen-Âge</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">Armes à feu</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">Poliorcétique</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">Architecture</term>
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              <p>In France, the years 1360-1380 were marked by the gradual emergence of a new weapon based on gunpowder propulsion. This new weaponry, whether seen as a crisis-creator in older studies or as a milestone in a complex evolution in more recent ones, left its mark on military architecture until at least the end of the 19th century. Very early on, probably from its very origins, firearms were integrated into fortifications in "cannon holes", "gun racks" or "gunboats". In our work, we propose to review the evolution of the shape and use of these openings by studying their attributes, the associated weaponry and, finally, a typochronological classification within the restricted framework of Burgundy-Franche-Comté between the years 1360 and 1650.</p>
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              <p>Les années 1360-1380 sont marquées, en France, par l’apparition progressive d’une nouvelle arme utilisant la propulsion à poudre. Ce nouvel armement, qu’il soit considéré comme créateur de crise par les études anciennes ou comme un jalon d’une évolution complexe dans les études plus récentes, marque l’architecture militaire jusqu’à la fin XIXe siècle au moins. Très tôt, sans doute dès ses origines, l’arme à feu est en effet intégrée aux fortifications dans des «trous à canons», «rayères pour armes à feu» ou «canonnières». Dans notre travail, nous proposons de revenir sur l’évolution des formes et de l’utilisation de ces ouvertures par l’étude de leur attributs, la restitution de l’armement associé et, enfin, par un classement typochronologique dans le cadre restreint de la Bourgogne-Franche-Comté entre les années 1360 et 1650.</p>
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