Since many years, a new generation of materials called « smart materials » and defined by their capacity to adapt to their environment is intensively developed. Systems sensitive to different stimuli such as pH, light or ionic strength have been reported. One of these stimuli can also be a mechanical force which is involved in many reactions in nature such as, cells adhesion and proliferation, tissues growing or even plants developments. The aim of my thesis was dedicated to the elaboration of mechano-responsive materials. More precisely, materials that transform a stretching constraint into a chemical signal by mimicking the physical processes used by nature, namely protein conformational changes. We planned to achieve this goal by covalently grafting proteins or enzymes onto a stretchable substrate or incorporating them into cross-linked polymer networks. Stretching these materials should induce protein conformational changes leading to modifications of their properties.