Artificially drained soils are soils showing temporary or permanent waterlogging issues generating a fast soil saturation during the wet season. This phenomenon limits natural soil drainage, i.e. the soil's ability to dry out, and often leads to flood events harmful to current crops. Agricultural drainage is a solution partially addressing the problem. This hydraulic technic stabilizes hydric conditions into the soil depth managing the soil water content and increasing its aeration to ensure better crop yields. In France, all artificially drained soils comprise more than 2.7 million ha of arable soils, i.e. close to 10% of all arable land. Consequently, the need for evaluating the evolution French drained soils is crucial, especially in an unstable future context affected by climate change where water resource management will become (has already become) a major environmental and societal issue. To our knowledge, such a study has not yet been carried out. The main purpose of the thesis was to assess as precisely as possible the future French drainage hydrology by 2100 on 22 drained plots reflecting the main pedoclimatic characteristics of the main drained areas of mainland France. A hydro-climatic modelling chain based on a multi-model ensemble approach was used to simulate a set of future hydrological projections from greenhouse gas emission scenarios to a group of 17 hydrological indicators describing the main characteristics of the drainage hydrology. The future climatic conditions were provided by 30 climate projections spread over: (1) three future climate scenarios based on Radiative Concentration Pathways (RCPs); (2) six General Circulation Models (GCMs); (3) nine Regional Climate Models (RCMs). First, the study focused on the analysis of the hydrological drainage model SIDRA-RU (“SImulation du DRAinage – Réserve Utile” in French), model developed to adapt to French pedoclimatic conditions. The SIDRA-RU model showed very good numerical and graphical performances of the La Jaillière site, which was deemed representative of the majority of French drained soils. Then, an analysis of the temporal robustness of the SIDRA-RU model on the 22 drained plots showed the model was temporally robust despite weaker performances on clayey soils. Consequently, the SIDRA-RU was deemed reliable to simulate future hydrological projections over mainland France. Second, we assessed the impact of using climate projections in the SIDRA-RU model on the simulation of the 17 hydrological indicators on the La Jaillière site. Results showed that using climate projections to force the SIDRA-RU model does not significantly bias the hydrological indicators. The uncertainty propagation analysis resulting from the hydro-climatic modelling chain revealed that the climate components, i.e. the GCMs and the RCMs, are the two main sources of uncertainty. Third, the 17 hydrological indicators were simulated on the 22 drained plots from the database to spatially assess the main effects of climate change on French drainage hydrology. Results showed that the expected changes become more important as time goes to 2100 and the future climate scenario is severe. Among the principal changes, there are: (1) intensification of the dry period exposing current crops to an increasing irrigation need; (2) intensification of flood events raising the question of the sustainability of the design of current drainage networks to protect current crops during the wet season. This regime change is common to all the 22 drained plots regardless of soil type or location. Agricultural water quality and agricultural practices in drained areas are also impacted, potentially prompting farmers and decision-makers to adapt their practices to farm productivity and protect the environment. Further analysis is required to detail these latter elements.