A brief history of lighting systems and a presentation of the terminologies and uses associated with them are presented first. Next, a systemic analysis of the challenges of the Anthropocene and what they imply for societal transition presents the context of this work. It highlights the need for material and energy sobriety, which is essential for mitigating climate crises. This is followed by an initial assessment of the benefits and risks associated with the development of new lighting technologies. The recent revolution in lighting systems, which has seen LED technology widely adopted, has led to considerable progress in terms of energy efficiency during the use phase and has thus helped to reduce the environmental impacts and costs associated with lighting systems. However, despite major advances in energy efficiency, many questions have arisen about the potential impacts of lighting systems on our environment, health, well-being and productivity, both positive and negative, which should not be ignored. A broad bibliographical study develops each of these impacts, ranging from photo-biological risks to light pollution, and including various socio-technical aspects linked to the use of lighting. Finally, a study of the different impact analysis methods in existence or under development is carried out in order to identify their advantages and limitations. While Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is probably the most effective and recognised tool for studying the impacts of products and services, its evolutions, Social Life Cycle Assessment (S-LCA) and Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment (LCA), are still in the process of being developed and will probably require a few more years before they are uniformly recognised and used. Various case studies then discuss the imperatives of durability and efficiency, notably through the influence of the electricity mix on the results and conclusions of the LCA of lighting systems. This first study introduces the "maintained Megalumen.hour" as a functional unit and highlights different energy profiles as well as the presence of a tipping point in France which tends to see the manufacturing phase contribute as much, or even more, to the potential impacts as the use phase (in a similar way to electronic or computer equipment). This observation encourages us to go beyond energy efficiency and makes the durability and the end of life of lamps a determining parameter that needs to be developed. Secondly, a life cycle cost analysis (LCC) method confirms this durability imperative by defining an economic optimum of life span approximately twice as long as the average lamp currently on the market. Finally, this work focuses on a multi-criteria analysis of an emerging use of lighting systems: horticultural greenhouses. First, an LCA is carried out to evaluate the performance and impacts of different lamps specific to this use. Next, a quantification of light pollution on the walls and outside of the greenhouse highlights the systems that contribute most to nocturnal light pollution and the means to prevent it. Then a return on investment study evaluates the economic performance of the different configurations tested. Finally, a multi-criteria analysis based on the hierarchical analysis process (HPA) was used to determine which lighting systems are the most relevant according to all the above parameters and results. The results indicate that HPS and LED lamps perform best from the point of view of three observers: "environment", "light nuisance" and "economy". Finally, the results are discussed and some recommendations are proposed to improve the uses and practices around lighting.